Table 1 Socio-demographic, health-related, household and community characteristics profile of the panel of children aged 1–4 years during IHDS round-I.

From: Early childhood circumstances and educational wellbeing inequality among tribal and non-tribal children in India: evidence from a panel study

Characteristics	Panel of children aged 1-4 in round-I
	All children		ST group		Non-ST group		Caste difference
	Mean/N	SD/%	Mean/N	SD/%	Mean/N	SD/%	p-value
Educational wellbeing score	0.00	1.00	− 0.41	0.98	0.04	0.01	< 0.001
Caste of household head
ST group	761	8.8	–	–	–	–
Non-ST group	7850	91.2	–	–	–	–
Age of children (in years)
One	1496	17.4	127	16.7	1369	17.4	0.674
Two	2474	28.7	232	30.5	2242	28.6
Three	2671	31.0	236	31.0	2435	31.0
Four	1970	22.9	166	21.8	1804	23.0
Gender of the children
Female	4082	47.4	357	46.9	3725	47.5	0.776
Male	4529	52.6	404	53.1	4125	52.5	0.776
Stunting status of children
Stunted	3975	46.2	404	53.1	3571	45.5	< 0.001
Not stunted	4636	53.8	357	46.9	4279	54.5	< 0.001
Type of school attended in round-II
Public School	5483	63.7	646	84.9	4837	61.6	< 0.001
Private School	3128	36.3	115	15.1	3013	38.4	< 0.001
Takes private tuition in round-II
No	6616	76.8	684	89.9	5932	75.6	< 0.001
Yes	1995	23.2	77	10.1	1918	24.4	< 0.001
Place of cooking in household
Not in living area	6732	78.2	473	62.2	6259	79.7	< 0.001
In living area	1879	21.8	288	37.8	1591	20.3	< 0.001
Type of cooking fuel
Solid fuel	7432	86.3	725	95.3	6707	85.4	< 0.001
Clean fuel	1179	13.7	36	4.7	1143	14.6	< 0.001
Household sanitation condition
Poor	4550	52.8	543	71.4	4007	51.0	< 0.001
Average	2890	33.6	190	25.0	2700	34.4
Good	1171	13.6	28	3.7	1143	14.6
Water purification in household
No	6133	71.2	536	70.4	5597	71.3	0.614
Yes	2478	28.8	225	29.6	2253	28.7	0.614
Household wealth quintile
Poorest	1884	21.9	408	53.6	1476	18.8	< 0.001
Poor	1694	19.7	179	23.5	1515	19.3
Medium	1719	20.0	89	11.7	1630	20.8
Rich	1759	20.4	46	6.0	1713	21.8
Richest	1555	18.1	39	5.1	1516	19.3
Household poverty status
Below poverty line	2782	32.3	456	59.9	2326	29.6	< 0.001
Not below poverty line	5829	67.7	305	40.1	5524	70.4	< 0.001
Highest educational level of male adults in household
No formal schooling	1989	23.1	299	39.3	1690	21.5	< 0.001
Upto 5 years of schooling	1343	15.6	155	20.4	1188	15.1
6-10 years of schooling	2307	26.8	164	21.6	2143	27.3
More than 10 years of schooling	2972	34.5	143	18.8	2829	36.0
Highest educational level of female adults in household
No formal schooling	3893	45.2	478	62.8	3415	43.5	< 0.001
Upto 5 years of schooling	1273	14.8	112	14.7	1161	14.8
6-10 years of schooling	1727	20.1	104	13.7	1623	20.7
More than 10 years of schooling	1718	20.0	67	8.8	1651	21.0
Gender of household head
Male	8074	93.8	715	94.0	7359	93.7	0.819
Female	537	6.2	46	6.0	491	6.3	0.819
Religion of household head
Hindu	6791	78.9	604	79.4	6187	78.8	< 0.001
Muslim	1293	15.0	6	0.8	1287	16.4
Others	527	6.1	151	19.8	376	4.8
Types of mass media viewed by children
None	3401	39.5	428	56.2	2973	37.9	< 0.001
One	3148	36.6	218	28.6	2930	37.3
Two or more	2062	23.9	115	15.1	1947	24.8
Women’s autonomy in child healthcare in household
No	6073	70.5	580	76.2	5493	70.0	< 0.001
Yes	2538	29.5	181	23.8	2357	30.0	< 0.001
Attack/threat on household
Yes	230	2.7	19	2.5	211	2.7	0.755
No	8381	97.3	742	97.5	7639	97.3	0.755
Solving community problem
Each family individually	3572	41.5	330	43.4	3242	41.3	0.270
All families together	5039	58.5	431	56.6	4608	58.7	0.270
Domestic violence in community
Yes	7221	83.9	606	79.6	6615	84.3	0.001
No	1390	16.1	155	20.4	1235	15.7	0.001
Type of community
Urban	2281	26.5	77	10.1	2204	28.1	< 0.001
Rural	6330	73.5	684	89.9	5646	71.9	< 0.001
Country regions
Northern	3323	38.6	101	13.3	3222	41.0	< 0.001
North Eastern	198	2.3	64	8.4	134	1.7
Central	1179	13.7	249	32.7	930	11.8
Eastern	1522	17.7	144	18.9	1378	17.6
Western	1097	12.7	131	17.2	966	12.3
Southern	1292	15.0	72	9.5	1220	15.5
Overall	8611	100.0	761	100.0	7850	100.0

(a) N sample size, SD standard deviation, %: column percentage; (b) difference in educational wellbeing score by caste group was tested using T-test while the caste difference of explanatory variables was tested using the chi-square test for independence.

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Table 1 Socio-demographic, health-related, household and community characteristics profile of the panel of children aged 1–4 years during IHDS round-I.

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