Table 2 Linear regression models showing the multivariate association between educational wellbeing score and the individual, household and community characteristics of the panel of children aged 1–4 years during IHDS round-I.
Characteristics | Educational wellbeing score of children aged 8–11 years in round-II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All children | ST group | Non-ST group | ||||
Coef | 95% CI | Coef | 95% CI | Coef | 95% CI | |
Caste of household head | ||||||
ST group | (Ref) | |||||
Non-ST group | 0.14*** | (0.07, 0.21) | – | – | – | – |
Age of children (in years) | ||||||
One | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Two | 0.21*** | (0.16, 0.27) | 0.23** | (0.04, 0.42) | 0.21*** | (0.15, 0.27) |
Three | 0.37*** | (0.32, 0.43) | 0.33*** | (0.14, 0.52) | 0.37*** | (0.31, 0.43) |
Four | 0.49*** | (0.43, 0.55) | 0.51*** | (0.31, 0.72) | 0.48*** | (0.42, 0.54) |
Gender of the children | ||||||
Female | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Male | 0.01 | (− 0.03, 0.05) | 0.077 | (− 0.05, 0.20) | 0.00051 | (− 0.04, 0.04) |
Stunting status of children | ||||||
Stunted | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Not stunted | 0.15*** | (0.11, 0.19) | 0.14** | (0.01, 0.27) | 0.15*** | (0.11, 0.19) |
Type of school attended in round-II | ||||||
Government School | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Private School | 0.15*** | (0.11, 0.20) | 0.11 | (− 0.11, 0.32) | 0.15*** | (0.10, 0.20) |
Takes private tuition in round-II | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Yes | 0.20*** | (0.15, 0.25) | 0.25** | (0.02, 0.49) | 0.20*** | (0.15, 0.25) |
Place of cooking in household | ||||||
Not in living area | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
In living area | − 0.01 | (− 0.06, 0.04) | − 0.013 | (− 0.15, 0.13) | − 0.0053 | (− 0.06, 0.04) |
Type of cooking fuel | ||||||
Solid fuel | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Clean fuel | − 0.01 | (− 0.08, 0.07) | − 0.025 | (− 0.43, 0.38) | − 0.0041 | (− 0.08, 0.07) |
Household sanitation condition | ||||||
Poor | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Average | 0.079*** | (0.04, 0.12) | 0.13 | (− 0.03, 0.29) | 0.074*** | (0.03, 0.12) |
Good | 0.19*** | (0.12, 0.26) | 0.27 | (− 0.15, 0.70) | 0.18*** | (0.11, 0.26) |
Water purification in household | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Yes | 0.057** | (0.01, 0.10) | − 0.024 | (− 0.18, 0.13) | 0.069*** | (0.02, 0.12) |
Household wealth quintile | ||||||
Poorest | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Poor | 0.13*** | (0.07, 0.19) | 0.16* | (− 0.02, 0.33) | 0.12*** | (0.06, 0.19) |
Medium | 0.28*** | (0.21, 0.34) | 0.12 | (− 0.14, 0.37) | 0.28*** | (0.21, 0.35) |
Rich | 0.30*** | (0.22, 0.37) | 0.20 | (− 0.17, 0.58) | 0.31*** | (0.23, 0.39) |
Richest | 0.38*** | (0.28, 0.47) | 0.15 | (− 0.31, 0.61) | 0.39*** | (0.29, 0.49) |
Household poverty status | ||||||
Below poverty line | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Not below poverty line | 0.075*** | (0.03, 0.12) | 0.079 | (− 0.09, 0.25) | 0.068*** | (0.02, 0.11) |
Highest educational level of male adults in household | ||||||
No formal schooling | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Upto 5 years of schooling | 0.12*** | (0.06, 0.19) | 0.020 | (− 0.16, 0.20) | 0.13*** | (0.07, 0.20) |
6–10 years of schooling | 0.20*** | (0.14, 0.26) | 0.13 | (− 0.06, 0.32) | 0.21*** | (0.15, 0.27) |
More than 10 years of schooling | 0.28*** | (0.21, 0.34) | 0.32*** | (0.08, 0.55) | 0.28*** | (0.21, 0.34) |
Highest educational level of female adults in household | ||||||
No formal schooling | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Upto 5 years of schooling | 0.22*** | (0.16, 0.28) | 0.29*** | (0.09, 0.48) | 0.21*** | (0.15, 0.27) |
6–10 years of schooling | 0.30*** | (0.25, 0.36) | 0.32*** | (0.10, 0.54) | 0.30*** | (0.24, 0.36) |
More than 10 years of schooling | 0.32*** | (0.25, 0.39) | 0.28* | (− 0.03, 0.58) | 0.32*** | (0.25, 0.39) |
Gender of household head | ||||||
Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Female | 0.04 | (− 0.04, 0.11) | 0.0083 | (− 0.27, 0.28) | 0.036 | (− 0.05, 0.12) |
Religion of household head | ||||||
Hindu | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Muslim | − 0.25*** | (− 0.30, − 0.19) | 0.0050 | (− 0.78, 0.79) | − 0.25*** | (− 0.30, − 0.19) |
Others | 0.05 | (− 0.03, 0.13) | − 0.012 | (− 0.22, 0.20) | 0.059 | (− 0.03, 0.15) |
Types of mass media viewed by children | ||||||
None | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
One | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.05) | − 0.13* | (− 0.28, 0.02) | 0.017 | (− 0.03, 0.06) |
Two or more | 0.02 | (− 0.03, 0.07) | − 0.054 | (− 0.25, 0.15) | 0.025 | (− 0.03, 0.08) |
Women’s autonomy in child healthcare in household | ||||||
No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Yes | 0.054** | (0.01, 0.10) | − 0.019 | (− 0.18, 0.14) | 0.057*** | (0.01, 0.10) |
Attack/threat on household | ||||||
Yes | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
No | 0.22*** | (0.11, 0.34) | 0.14 | (− 0.28, 0.55) | 0.24*** | (0.12, 0.36) |
Solving community problem | ||||||
Each family individually | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
All families together | 0.054*** | (0.02, 0.09) | 0.18*** | (0.05, 0.32) | 0.040** | (0.00, 0.08) |
Domestic violence in community | ||||||
Yes | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
No | 0.091*** | (0.04, 0.14) | 0.044 | (− 0.13, 0.22) | 0.10*** | (0.05, 0.16) |
Type of community | ||||||
Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
Rural | 0.02 | (− 0.04, 0.07) | − 0.099 | (− 0.37, 0.17) | 0.028 | (− 0.03, 0.08) |
Country regions | ||||||
Northern | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||
North Eastern | − 0.13* | (− 0.26, 0.01) | 0.11 | (− 0.26, 0.48) | − 0.19** | (− 0.35, − 0.03) |
Central | 0.036 | (− 0.03, 0.10) | − 0.18 | (− 0.41, 0.05) | 0.084** | (0.01, 0.15) |
Eastern | 0.024 | (− 0.04, 0.09) | − 0.12 | (− 0.38, 0.14) | 0.041 | (− 0.02, 0.10) |
Western | 0.0044 | (− 0.06, 0.07) | 0.28** | (0.02, 0.53) | − 0.035 | (− 0.10, 0.03) |
Southern | − 0.057* | (− 0.12, 0.00) | 0.14 | (− 0.14, 0.42) | − 0.073** | (− 0.13, − 0.01) |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.248 | 0.231 | 0.238 | |||
Analytical sample size | 8,611 | 761 | 7,850 | |||
