Figure 1

(a) Correlation coefficient between IsoGSM model simulated JJAS average rainfall δ18O at Belum Cave (Model resolution is ~ 200 × 200 km) and simulated JJAS average rainfall over surrounding grids15. Correlation (= − 0.37) with significance level p = 0.05 is marked by black dashed contour. (b) Correlation between July–August precipitation and June SAMI (Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode Index) for the period 1957–2018.