Table 3 Invariance of the three-factor structures of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8 (DASS-8) and DASS-12 across groups of age, menopausal status, and psychiatric comorbidity.

From: Psychometric evaluation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8 among women with chronic non-cancer pelvic pain

Model	Groups	Invariance levels	χ²	df	P	Δχ²	Δdf	p(Δχ²)	CFI	ΔCFI	TLI	ΔTLI	RMSEA	ΔRMSEA	SRMR
DASS-8	Age (≤ 31, > 31 years)	Configural	61.939	32	0.001				0.969	–	0.946	–	0.066		0.0382
		Metric	64.824	37	0.003	2.884	5	0.718	0.971	0.002	0.957	0.011	0.060	0.006	0.0373
		Strong	91.766	43	0.001	26.942	6	0.001	0.950	0.021	0.935	0.022	0.073	− 0.013	0.0680
		Strict	100.302	52	0.001	8.537	9	0.481	0.950	0.000	0.947	0.012	0.066	0.007	0.0669
DASS-12	Age (≤ 31, > 31 years)	Configural	164.318	100	0.001				0.954		0.939	–	0.055		0.0459
		Metric	175.896	109	0.001	11.579	9	0.238	0.952	0.002	0.941	0.002	0.054	0.001	0.0516
		Strong	201.610	115	0.001	25.714	6	0.001	0.937	0.015	0.928	0.013	0.060	− 0.006	0.0818
		Strict	248.104	128	0.001	46.494	13	0.001	0.913	0.024	0.911	0.017	0.067	− 0.07	0.0764
DASS-8	Age (< 40, ≥ 40 years)	Configural	47.004	32	0.042				0.984	–	0.973	–	0.047		0.0349
		Metric	50.139	37	0.073	3.136	5	0.679	0.986	0.002	0.979	0.006	0.041	0.006	0.0348
		Strong	60.908	43	0.037	10.769	6	0.096	0.981	0.005	0.976	0.003	0.044	− 0.003	0.0371
		Strict	73.699	52	0.026	12.791	9	0.172	0.977	0.004	0.976	0.000	0.044	0.000	0.0407
DASS-12	Age (< 40, ≥ 40 years)	Configural	164.205	100	0.001				0.954		0.940		0.055		0.0455
		Metric	188.199	109	0.001	23.994	9	0.004	0.944	0.010	0.932	0.008	0.059	− 0.004	0.0465
		Strong	201.257	115	0.001	13.058	6	0.042	0.939	0.005	0.930	0.002	0.059	0.000	0.0556
		Strict	244.418	128	0.001	43.161	13	0.001	0.917	0.022	0.915	0.015	0.065	− 0.006	0.0545
DASS-8	Menopausal status	Configural	52.020	32	0.014				0.979	0.011	0.964		0.055		0.0353
		Metric	67.719	37	0.002	15.699	5	0.008	0.968	0.008	0.952	0.012	0.063	0.008	0.0341
		Strong	81.087	43	0.001	13.369	6	0.038	0.960	–	0.949	0.003	0.065	− 0.002	0.0375
		Strict	89.725	52	0.001	8.638	9	0.471	0.961	0.001	0.958	0.009	0.059	0.006	0.0376
DASS-12	Menopausal status	Configural	207.346	100	0.001				0.924	–	0.899	–	0.071		0.0406
		Metric	213.566	109	0.001	6.220	9	0.718	0.926	0.002	0.910	0.011	0.068	0.003	0.0412
		Strong	219.012	115	0.001	5.446	6	0.488	0.926	0.000	0.915	0.005	0.066	0.002	0.0429
		Strict	249.779	128	0.001	30.767	13	0.767	0.913	0.013	0.911	0.003	0.067	− 0.001	0.0448
DASS-8	Psychiatric comorbidity	Configural	61.049	32	0.014				0.960		0.931		0.066		0.0598
		Metric	75.127	37	0.002	14.078	5	0.015	0.948	0.012	0.921	0.010	0.071	− 0.005	0.0677
		Strong	114.929	43	0.001	39.803	6	0.001	0.902	0.046	0.872	0.049	0.090	0.019	0.1384
		Strict	140.861	52	0.001	25.932	9	0.002	0.879	0.023	0.870	0.002	0.091	− 0.001	0.0964
DASS-12	Psychiatric comorbidity	Configural	161.746	100	0.001				0.943		0.925		0.055		0.0798
		Metric	175.878	109	0.001	14.132	9	0.118	0.938	0.005	0.925	0.000	0.055	0.000	0.0814
		Strong	198.757	115	0.001	22.879	6	0.001	0.923	0.016	0.911	0.014	0.059	− 0.004	0.1117
		Strict	268.320	128	0.001	69.562	13	0.001	0.871	0.052	0.867	0.044	0.073	− 0.014	0.0965

χ², chi-square; df, degrees of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; TLI, Tucker–Lewis index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; CI, confidence interval; SRMR, standardized root mean residual.
Significant values are given in bold.

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Table 3 Invariance of the three-factor structures of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8 (DASS-8) and DASS-12 across groups of age, menopausal status, and psychiatric comorbidity.

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