Figure 4

(a) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity metrics of the leaf bacterial communities across PGS in the control and flooding treatment; (b) Heatmap representing the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in bacterial community structure between watering treatment and PGS; (c) Box plots of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index between watering treatment and PGS. The different letters indicate significant differences among plant growth stages (Tukey’s HSD test P < 0.05.); (d) LEfSe analysis at multiple taxonomic levels comparing the bacterial community structure between control and flooding treatment at tillering. Cladogram illustrating the taxonomic groups explaining the most variation among the bacterial communities. Each ring represents a taxonomic level, with phylum (p), class (c), order (o), family (f) and genus (g) emanating from the center to the periphery. Each circle is a taxonomic unit found in the dataset, with circles or nodes shown in colours (other than yellow) indicating where a taxon was significantly more abundant.