Table 2 von-Mises stress results for Flexion–Extension loading mode.

Component	Lumbar level	Osteoporosis (A) (MPa)	Normal (B) (MPa)	Loading ratio (A − B)/B × 100 (%)
Cortical bone	L1	25.126	28.122	− 10.65
	L2	53.361	70.227	− 24.02
	L3	43.054	52.126	− 17.40
	L4	57.693	55.173	4.57*
	L5	43.967	30.076	46.19*
Cancellous bone	L1	0.51006	1.2454	− 59.04
	L2	0.64338	2.4965	− 74.23
	L3	0.68258	2.2162	− 69.20
	L4	1.0499	2.3183	− 54.71
	L5	1.1709	1.6815	− 30.37
Posterior bone	L1	5.3673	13.053	− 58.88
	L2	7.6343	16.807	− 54.58
	L3	10.621	17.928	− 40.76
	L4	11.871	13.915	− 14.69
	L5	10.534	10.699	− 1.54
Lower endplate	L1–L2	56.732	82.265	− 31.04
	L2–L3	47.543	70.456	− 32.52
	L3–L4	33.017	48.089	− 31.34
	L4–L5	24.117	26.97	− 10.58
	L5–S	8.424	5.8443	44.14*
Upper endplate	L1–L2	44.762	64.95	− 31.08
	L2–L3	67.358	100.08	− 32.70
	L3–L4	47.912	69.273	− 30.84
	L4–L5	46.778	63.812	− 26.69
	L5–S	26.971	30.933	− 12.81
Annulus fiber	L1–L2	1.5629	2.0654	− 24.33
	L2–L3	2.6575	3.4548	− 23.08
	L3–L4	3.2907	3.0178	9.04*
	L4–L5	5.7342	5.3602	6.98*
	L5–S	6.5444	5.818	12.49*
Nucleus pulposus	L1–L2	2.1013	0.46321	353.64*
	L2–L3	3.2781	1.8385	78.3*
	L3–L4	3.3553	1.8947	77.09*
	L4–L5	4.2502	1.3132	223.65*
	L5–S	4.8262	1.5877	203.97*

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