Table 3 von-Mises stress results for Lateral bending loading mode.

Component	Lumbar level	Osteoporosis (A) (MPa)	Normal (B) (MPa)	Loading ratio (A − B)/B × 100 (%)
Cortical bone	L1	13.497	16.516	− 18.28
	L2	32.68	45.26	− 27.79
	L3	37.049	41.368	− 10.44
	L4	52.804	47.511	11.14*
	L5	46.602	31.986	45.69*
Cancellous bone	L1	0.12077	0.39291	− 69.26
	L2	0.29689	0.90154	− 67.07
	L3	0.6554	1.4151	− 53.69
	L4	0.29689	1.8355	− 83.83
	L5	0.12077	2.1061	− 94.27
Posterior bone	L1	3.418	8.6089	− 60.30
	L2	4.2622	8.6113	− 50.50
	L3	6.8846	11.261	− 38.86
	L4	9.1897	10.523	− 12.67
	L5	15.874	18.713	− 15.17
Lower endplate	L1–L2	40.946	64.309	− 36.33
	L2–L3	38.612	61.885	− 37.61
	L3–L4	25.25	37.471	− 32.61
	L4–L5	19.487	18.555	5.02*
	L5–S	7.6198	6.0725	25.48*
Upper endplate	L1–L2	32.16	49.854	− 35.49
	L2–L3	52.787	83.705	− 36.94
	L3–L4	39.689	60.355	− 34.24
	L4–L5	37.619	49.207	− 23.55
	L5–S	19.313	20.299	− 4.86
Annulus fiber	L1–L2	1.7252	3.2563	− 47.02
	L2–L3	2.8048	4.6763	− 40.02
	L3–L4	4.4374	5.293	− 16.16
	L4–L5	5.5855	5.5839	0.03*
	L5–S	5.7893	5.6254	2.91*
Nucleus pulposus	L1–L2	2.4159	0.69101	249.62*
	L2–L3	3.9118	0.9813	298.63*
	L3–L4	5.2183	1.1694	346.24*
	L4–L5	4.3405	1.4543	198.46*
	L5–S	4.5578	1.3158	246.39*

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