Table 8 Comparison of detection limits using this proposed technique and other conventional methods.

Pb-FA Spark-OES

10 ng g⁻¹

100 ng g⁻¹

25

Pb-FA LA-ICP-MS

30 ng g⁻¹

25 ng g⁻¹

Pb-FA GD-MS

7 ng g⁻¹

9 ng g⁻¹

NiS-FA LA-ICP-MS (dynamic reaction cell)

20 ng g⁻¹

28 ng g⁻¹

26

NiS-FA LA-ICP-MS (focusing sector field MS)

11 ng g⁻¹

17 ng g⁻¹

27

Pb-FA femtosecond LA-ICP-MS

6 ng g⁻¹

9 ng g⁻¹

24

Pb-FA LA-ICP-MS

0.06 ng g⁻¹

0.03 ng g⁻¹

29

Bi-FA LA-ICP-MS

0.074 ng g⁻¹

0.037 ng g⁻¹

This work