Table 3 Determinants of low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients with diabetic kidney disease by multivariable logistic regression analyses.

HRQOL	Variable	Odds ratio	95% CI	P
Overall HRQOL	Age, years	0.98	0.91–1.05	0.544
	Sex, female	4.05	0.98–16.8	0.053
	Smoking status	0.41	0.09–1.75	0.228
	CCI score	1.18	0.77–1.80	0.449
	Hb, g/dL	0.92	0.64–1.33	0.665
	eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	0.98	0.93–1.03	0.413
	PSQI-K score	1.09	0.92–1.28	0.317
	HADS-A score	1.08	0.88–1.31	0.482
	HADS-D score	1.43	1.17–1.75	< 0.001
	IPAQ score	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.922
Physical health	Age, years	1.01	0.95–1.08	0.734
	Sex, female	2.17	0.56–8.51	0.265
	Smoking status	0.62	0.16–2.36	0.484
	CCI score	1.14	0.77–1.67	0.520
	Hb, g/dL	1.10	0.77–1.56	0.612
	eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.565
	PSQI-K score	1.12	0.96–1.31	0.146
	HADS-A score	0.95	0.78–1.15	0.588
	HADS-D score	1.36	1.13–1.64	0.001
	IPAQ score	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.972
Mental health	Age, years	0.94	0.87–1.02	0.127
	Sex, female	2.53	0.58–11.09	0.220
	Smoking status	0.82	0.20–3.33	0.780
	CCI score	1.27	0.79–2.03	0.327
	Hb, g/dL	1.28	0.86–1.90	0.218
	eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	0.96	0.91–1.01	0.141
	PSQI-K score	1.13	0.94–1.34	0.197
	HADS-A score	1.34	1.10–1.64	0.004
	HADS-D score	1.17	0.97–1.41	0.111
	IPAQ score	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.694

Low HRQOL was defined as an SF-36 score > one SD below the mean. Low physical health and low mental health were defined as PCS scores and MCS scores > one SD below the mean, respectively.
CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety subscale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale-depression subscale, Hb hemoglobin, HRQOL health-related quality of life, MCS mental component summary, PCS physical component summary, PSQI-K Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SF-36 Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire.

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