Table 3 Contextual instantiation of emotion in non-human facial displays.

Dogs

Happy

Playing with other dog/on a walk

Bekoff³¹

Sad

Left tethered alone/stray in poor condition

Schwartz³⁶

Scared

Handled by a vet

Döring et al.²⁷

Bonobos/Chimpanzees

Happy

Showing affiliative behaviour or play face

Steiner et al.³⁷

Sad

Isolated/in poor condition due to recent rescue

Alderton³⁸

Scared

Moving away from confrontation/scream face

Boesch²⁸