Table 3 Contextual instantiation of emotion in non-human facial displays.

From: Comparing emotion inferences from dogs (Canis familiaris), panins (Pan troglodytes/Pan paniscus), and humans (Homo sapiens) facial displays

Species

Emotion

Situation

Relevant literature

Dogs

Happy

Playing with other dog/on a walk

Bekoff31

Sad

Left tethered alone/stray in poor condition

Schwartz36

Scared

Handled by a vet

Döring et al.27

Bonobos/Chimpanzees

Happy

Showing affiliative behaviour or play face

Steiner et al.37

Sad

Isolated/in poor condition due to recent rescue

Alderton38

Scared

Moving away from confrontation/scream face

Boesch28