Table 3 Factors associated with ocular cranial nerve palsy of presumed ischemic origin (OCNPi). BMI body mass index, CN cranial nerve, OCNP ocular cranial nerve palsy, WMH white matter hyperintensities, PVWMH periventricular white matter hyperintensities, DWMH deep white matter hyperintensities, CMBs cerebral microbleeds, GRE T2*-weighted gradient echo, SWI susceptibility weighted image, IHD ischemic heart disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. Vascular risk factor refers to the presence of at least one of the following: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or smoking. *Student’s t tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables.
OCNPi (N = 473) | OCNPo (N = 173) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
Male sex | 318 (67.2%) | 80 (46.2%) | < 0.001 |
Age | 67.3 ± 8.4 | 65.1 ± 9.3 | 0.004 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 3.9 | 0.025 |
Diagnosis | < 0.001 | ||
CN III | 159 (33.6%) | 96 (55.5%) | |
CN IV | 123 (26.0%) | 16 (9.2%) | |
CN VI | 191 (40.4%) | 61 (35.3%) | |
Periorbital pain or headache | 199 (42.1%) | 85 (49.1%) | 0.131 |
WMH | 393 (83.1%) | 119 (68.8%) | < 0.001 |
No (0) | 80 (16.9%) | 54 (31.2%) | < 0.001 |
Mild (1–3) | 306 (64.7%) | 103 (59.5%) | |
Moderate to Severe (4–6) | 87 (18.4%) | 16 (9.2%) | |
PVWMH | 292 (61.7%) | 82 (47.4%) | 0.001 |
No (0) | 181 (38.3%) | 91 (52.6%) | 0.001 |
Mild (1) | 164 (34.7%) | 55 (31.8%) | |
Moderate to severe (2–3) | 128 (27.1%) | 27 (15.6%) | |
DWMH | 363 (76.7%) | 114 (65.9%) | 0.007 |
No (0) | 110 (23.3%) | 59 (34.1%) | 0.007 |
Mild (1) | 289 (61.1%) | 98 (56.6%) | |
Moderate to severe (2–3) | 74 (15.6%) | 16 (9.2%) | |
Silent infarction | 122 (25.8%) | 30 (17.3%) | 0.032 |
CMBs | 62 (14.9%) | 24 (15.8%) | 0.889 |
MRI field strength | 0.403 | ||
1.5 T | 260 (55.0%) | 88 (50.9%) | |
3 T | 213 (45.0%) | 85 (49.1%) | |
Susceptibility sequence | 0.720 | ||
GRE | 237 (56.7%) | 90 (58.8%) | |
SWI | 181 (43.3%) | 63 (41.2%) | |
Vascular risk factors | 397 (83.9%) | 105 (60.7%) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 271 (57.3%) | 70 (40.5%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 248 (52.4%) | 28 (16.2%) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 136 (28.8%) | 38 (22.0%) | 0.105 |
Smoking | 75 (15.9%) | 23 (13.3%) | 0.497 |
IHD | 53 (11.2%) | 9 (5.2%) | 0.032 |
History of stroke | 29 (6.1%) | 4 (2.3%) | 0.08 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 65 (13.8%) | 15 (8.7%) | 0.108 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.2 ± 23.7 | 86.9 ± 27.2 | 0.005 |
Prior use of antithrombotics | 106 (22.5%) | 20 (11.6%) | 0.003 |
Follow up duration after OCNP (yr) | 4.8 ± 4.0 | 4.7 ± 3.9 | 0.749 |
