Table 1 Baseline characteristics in the retrospective study cohort.

Dataset	Training (n = 1226)			Testing (n = 530)			All Dataset (n = 1756)			ANOVA or Chi-square
Feature	N	Mean ± SD or Frequency(%)	%Missing	N	Mean ± SD or Frequency(%)	%Missing	N	Mean ± SD or Frequency(%)	%Missing	F or χ2 statistics	pvalue
Age at Index (≥ 66.8))	1226	66.42 ± 12.03	0	530	66.35 ± 12.76	0	1756	66.4 ± 12.25	0	0.01	0.91
Age at Index(≥ 66.8))	614	50.1	0	265	50	0	879	50.1	0	0	0.98
Hypertension	952	77.7	0	399	75.3	0	1351	76.9	0	1.17	0.28
Systolic BP	949	132.5 ± 22.43	22.59	418	130.31 ± 18.71	21.13	1367	131.83 ± 21.38	22.15	3.05	0.08
Diastolic BP	949	72.07 ± 11.35		418	71.1 ± 10.54		1367	71.78 ± 11.11		2.22	0.14
BMI	1225	29.6 ± 7.23	< 0.01	528	29.27 ± 7.25	< 0.01	1753	29.5 ± 7.23	< 0.01	0.78	0.38
BMI ≥ 25	905	73.8		365	68.9		1270	72.3		4.17	0.04
BMI ≥ 30	507	41.4		204	38.5		711	40.5		1.16	0.28
Sex (Male)	671	54.7	0	281	53	0	952	54.2	0	0.44	0.51
Atrial fibrillation	311	25.37	0	141	26.6	0	452	25.74	0	0.3	0.59
Coronary Artery Disease	414	33.8	0	186	35.1	0	600	34.2	0	0.29	0.59
Diabetes	393	32.1	0	171	32.3	0	564	32.1	0	0.01	0.93
Dyslipidemia	601	49	0	247	46.6	0	848	48.3	0	0.87	0.35
Ever smoke	679	55.4	19.25	289	54.5	18.11	968	55.1	18.91	0.55	0.46
Alcohol	180	14.7	40.46	73	13.8	40.19	253	14.4	40.38	0.32	0.57
NIHSS ≥ 7	163	21.5	38.17	70	21	36.98	233	21.3	37.8	0.04	0.84
NIHSS ≥ 10	94	12.4		47	14.1		141	12.9		0.58	0.45
NIHSS ≥ 16	51	6.7		26	7.8		77	7.1		0.4	0.53
Death within 5 yr	261	21.3	0	123	23.2	0	384	21.9	0	0.8	0.37
Death within 3 yr	193	15.7	0	91	17.2	0	284	16.2	0	0.56	0.46
Death within 1 yr	96	7.8	0	48	9.1	0	144	8.2	0	0.74	0.39

The study cohort was split into training and testing datasets. We also provided clinical characteristics stratified by dichotomized age at index stroke in eTable 2. ANOVA or Chi-square test was selected for quantitative or qualitative measures, respectively. Abbreviations; ANOVA = analysis of variance; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; Ever Ssmoke: Defined as ever smoke at least one cigarette per day within the three years prior to the event; Alcohol: Defined as consuming more than 200 g of pure alcohol per week. All continuous variables are reported as means with standard deviations, and dichotomous variables are reported as percentages. Patients with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 were categorized as normal weight and overweight, respectively. Patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m² and above were categorized as obese. NIHSS ≥ 7 was dichotomized NIHSS by score ≥ 7. Similar for NIHSS ≥ 10 and NIHSS ≥ 16.

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