Figure 6
A schematic diagram showing how 30 mM HEMA increases ATP release in hDPSC-K4DT cells. Our findings suggest that the possible activation of TRPA1 by HEMA-induced ROS. Our results also suggest that there are differences in the cellular mechanism of response to HEMA between low concentration (3 mM, see the left hand of figure) and high concentration (30 mM, see the right hand of figure). The induction of HO-1 by 3 mM HEMA may counteract HEMA-induced oxidative stress, which does not cause accumulation of ROS, whereas induction of HO-1 by 30 mM HEMA cannot counteract HEMA-induced sever oxidative stress, which causes ROS accumulation. The following the increase in the extracellular ATP levels suggests TRPA1 activation by ROS stimulation and induction of ATP release, which might be involved in pain conduction and sensation.
