Table 1 Baseline characteristics for the Clinical-Consecutive cohort.

From: Improved evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy using the spatial QRS-T angle by electrocardiography

Characteristic

All

Normal

QRS-T angle

Increased

QRS-T angle

p value

Number, n (%)

783 (100)

377 (48)

406 (52)

n/a

Age, y

55 (43 to 64)

53 (38 to 62)

57 (46 to 65)

 < 0.001

Female sex, %

342 (44)

149 (40)

193 (48)

0.02

LVH

227 (29)

59 (18)

168 (41)

< 0.001

ECV, %

27.6 (25.3 to 30.3)

26.8 (24.8 to 29.1)

28.5 (25.7 to 31.1)

< 0.001

EDVI, mL/m2

78.3 (66.1 to 97.3)

74.5 (63.7 to 89.3)

84.5 (67.6 to 111.2)

< 0.001

GLS, %

− 16.2 (− 18.8 to − 12.3)

− 17.6 (− 19.5 to − 15.3)

− 13.9 (− 17.3 to − 9.8)

< 0.001

LVEF, %

58.5 (47.0 to 65.0)

61.0 (55.3 to 66.0)

55.0 (34.3 to 63.0)

< 0.001

LVMI, g/m2

55.3 (44.9 to 67.1)

51.7 (43.6 to 61.4)

59.4 (46.8 to 73.8)

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m2

28.6 (24.4 to 33.9)

28.3 (24.4 to 33.5)

29.0 (24.4 to 34.0)

0.41

BSA, m2

2.0 (1.8 to 2.2)

2.0 (1.8 to 2.2)

2.0 (1.8 to 2.2)

0.28

Infarct, n (%)

165 (21)

43 (11)

122 (30)

< 0.001

Infarct size*, %

14.7 (5.9 to 22.3)

8.8 (4.4 to 17.5)

15.8 (7.7 to 24.1)

< 0.001

Non-ischemic scar, n (%)

137 (17)

50 (13)

87 (21)

0.003

Non-ischemic scar size*, %

2.9 (1.5 to 5.7)

2.6 (0.7 to 6.1)

2.9 (1.5 to 5.1)

0.50

Conventional ECG-LVH criteria

Sokolow-Lyon index, mV

1.8 (1.4 to 2.3)

1.7 (1.4 to 2.2)

1.9 (1.4 to 2.1)

0.39

Cornell voltage, mV

1.4 (1.0 to 1.8)

1.2 (0.95 to 1.6)

1.6 (1.2 to 2.1)

< 0.001

Cornell product, mV*ms

132 (94 to 176)

114 (82 to 150)

152 (110 to 206)

< 0.001

QRS duration, ms

90 (84 to 98)

88 (82 to 96)

92 (84 to 100)

0.03

Comorbidity, n, (%)

Hypertension

398 (51)

158 (42)

240 (52)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

171 (22)

57 (15)

114 (25)

< 0.001

Smoking status, n, (%)

Current smoker

129 (16)

47 (12)

82 (18)

0.004

Ex-smoker

246 (31)

112 (30)

134 (29)

0.32

Medication, n, (%)

ACEi/ARB

315 (40)

114 (30)

201 (44)

< 0.001

Aspirin or other antiplatelets

397 (51)

157 (42)

240 (52)

< 0.001

Beta-blockers

387 (49)

143 (38)

244 (53)

< 0.001

Digoxin

23 (3)

4 (1)

19 (5)

0.01

Insulin

121 (15)

40 (11)

81 (17)

< 0.001

Loop diuretics

164 (21)

45 (12)

119 (26)

< 0.001

Oral hypoglycemics

54 (7)

12 (3)

42 (9)

< 0.001

Statins

315 (40)

124 (33)

191 (42)

< 0.001

General indication for CMR: known or suspected disease, n (%)

Arrhythmia or syncope

147 (19)

59 (16)

88 (22)

0.03

Coronary artery disease/vasodilator stress test

365 (47)

230 (61)

135 (33)

< 0.001

Dyspnea

56 (7)

38 (10)

18 (4)

0.002

Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

181 (23)

114 (38)

67 (17)

< 0.001

Pre-operation evaluation

37 (5)

21 (6)

16 (4)

0.28

Valvular disease

48 (6)

24 (6)

24 (6)

0.79

  1. Continuous data are given as median (interquartile interval), or number (%), and compared between the Normal QRS-T angle group and Increased QRS-T angle groups using Mann–Whitney U test or Chi-square, respectively.
  2. ACEi Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, BMI Body mass index, BSA Body surface area, CMR Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, ECV Extracellular volume fraction, LVEDVI Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, GLS Global longitudinal strain, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMI Left ventricular mass index.
  3. *Denotes that the descriptive data are presented only for those patients with infarct or non-ischemic scar, respectively.
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