Table 4 DAG-Guided Multivariable Cox Regression Model Analysis for Causal Effect of Surgery on OS and CSS.

From: Impact of treatment modalities on prognosis of patients with metastatic renal collecting duct carcinoma

Variables

OS

CSS

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

Surgery

    

Yes

Reference

 

Reference

 

No

2.88 (1.20–6.88)

0.017

2.86 (1.16–7.08)

0.023

Age(years)

    

 < 68

Reference

 

Reference

 

 ≥ 68

1.47 (0.80–2.71)

0.211

1.42 (0.76–2.66)

0.27

Tumor size(cm)

    

 < 7

Reference

 

Reference

 

 ≥ 7

1.23 (0.65–2.30)

0.525

1.19 (0.63–2.26)

0.593

Pathological grade

    

Grade II

Reference

 

Reference

 

Grade III

1.16 (0.31–4.41)

0.824

1.20 (0.31–4.63)

0.786

Grade IV

0.63 (0.17–2.35)

0.487

0.61 (0.16–2.31)

0.464

T stage

    

T1

Reference

 

Reference

 

T2

1.49 (0.35–6.27)

0.587

1.05 (0.22–4.93)

0.953

T3

1.04 (0.36–2.95)

0.945

1.02 (0.36–2.95)

0.964

T4

0.93 (0.33–2.63)

0.893

0.88 (0.31–2.53)

0.812

N stage

    

N0

Reference

 

Reference

 

N1

0.81 (0.39–1.68)

0.570

0.74 (0.35–1.56)

0.428

N2

0.57 (0.28–1.17)

0.126

0.60 (0.29–1.23)

0.162

  1. CDC, renal collecting duct carcinoma; DAG, directed acyclic graphs; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; CSS, cancer-specific survival.
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