Table 5 DAG-Guided Multivariable Cox Regression Model Analysis for Causal Effects of Chemotherapy on OS and CSS.

From: Impact of treatment modalities on prognosis of patients with metastatic renal collecting duct carcinoma

Variables

OS

CSS

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

Chemotherapy

    

Yes

Reference

 

Reference

 

No/Unknown

3.78 (2.04–6.99)

 < 0.001

3.32 (1.78–6.20)

 < 0.001

Surgery

    

Yes

Reference

 

Reference

 

No

5.42 (2.07–14.17)

 < 0.001

4.94 (1.84–13.22)

0.001

Age(years)

    

 < 68

Reference

 

Reference

 

 ≥ 68

1.10 (0.59–2.06)

0.754

1.10 (0.58–2.09)

0.768

Tumor size (cm)

    

 < 7

Reference

 

Reference

 

 ≥ 7

1.24 (0.64–2.41)

0.527

1.18 (0.60–2.32)

0.624

Pathological grade

    

Grade II

Reference

 

Reference

 

Grade III

0.91 (0.26–3.17)

0.885

0.97 (0.28–3.42)

0.962

Grade IV

0.58 (0.16–2.08)

0.406

0.58 (0.16–2.08)

0.401

T stage

    

T1

Reference

 

Reference

 

T2

2.51 (0.59–10.65)

0.213

1.63 (0.35–7.74)

0.536

T3

1.65 (0.57–4.83)

0.357

1.55 (0.53–4.55)

0.428

T4

1.10 (0.40–3.04)

0.847

1.02 (0.36–2.86)

0.967

N stage

    

N0

Reference

 

Reference

 

N1

0.87 (0.42–1.81)

0.706

0.78 (0.37–1.66)

0.523

N2

0.53 (0.25–1.13)

0.099

0.57 (0.27–1.21)

0.141

  1. CDC, renal collecting duct carcinoma; DAG, directed acyclic graphs; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; CSS, cancer-specific survival.
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