Figure 2

(A) Male rabbit testes from a healthy control group were examined histopathologically. Primary spermatocytes with condensed chromatin differentiated nuclei (yellow arrow), spermatozoa (blue arrows), and Leydig cells (cells that make testosterone) in a rabbit's testis (green arrow) (stain H&E ×400). (B) Male rabbit testes from the tramadol group showed degenerated spermatozoids near the basement membrane (yellow arrow), necrosed secondary spermatocytes with dark stain nuclei (green arrow), and disruption of the normal spermatogenic series are seen in the testis of a rabbit (StainH&EX200). (C) Testis of a rabbit pretreated with garlic before administration of tramadol showed high predominant of spermatogonium stem cells with undifferentiated nuclei (yellow arrows) (StainH&E ×200). (D) High magnification of C image showed sperm spermatozoids with abnormal bent shapes, some with preserved cytoplasm (yellow arrows), and degenerated necrosed cells (lost their nuclei; green arrows) (StainH&EX400). (E) Histopathological study of male rabbits testes of Tramadol and selenium group, in most of the testis tubules, histopathological examination revealed moderate to high improvement of the spermatogenic epithelium, good height and volume of spermatogenic epithelium (yellow arrows), and a few degenerated testis tubuli with low volume of spermatogenic epithelium (green arrows) (StainH&E ×200). (F) High power of E image showed high number of secondary spermatogenic cells (yellow arrows) and healthy spermatozoids (green arrows) (StainH&E × 400). (G) Histopathological analysis of male rabbit testes treated with Tramadol, garlic, or selenium showed a significant increase in the height and volume of the spermatogenic epithelium, a high percentage of spermatogenic stem cells (pink arrows), a high yield of healthy spermatozoid (yellow arrow), and a strong supporting interstitial tissue with myoid cells (green arrows) (stain H&E ×200). (H) High-resolution image reveals a high yield of spermatozoids (yellow arrows) and clear evidence of normal mitotic division, indicating a normal spermatogenic series (StainH&E ×400).