Table 1 Characteristics of participants at pre-baseline (N = 13,755)a,b,c.
From: Identifying pathways to increased volunteering in older US adults
Participant characteristics | Pre-baseline: non-volunteer N = 8,928 | Pre-baseline: volunteer N = 4,827 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | Mean (SD) | No. (%) | Mean (SD) | |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||
Age (years; range: 52–104) | 69.7 (9.9) | 68.3 (9.0) | ||
Female (%) | 5116 (57.3) | 2912 (60.3) | ||
Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||
White | 6680 (74.8) | 3950 (81.8) | ||
Black | 1158 (13.0) | 601 (12.5) | ||
Hispanic | 893 (10.0) | 194 (4.0) | ||
Other | 196 (2.2) | 82 (1.7) | ||
Married (%) | 5234 (58.6) | 3346 (69.3) | ||
Annual household income (%) | ||||
< $50,000 | 5939 (66.5) | 2411 (50.0) | ||
$50,000–$74,999 | 1274 (14.3) | 844 (17.5) | ||
$75,000–$99,999 | 632 (7.1) | 518 (10.7) | ||
≥ $100,000 | 1083 (12.1) | 1054 (21.8) | ||
Total wealth (%) | ||||
1st Quintile | 2167 (24.3) | 584 (12.1) | ||
2nd Quintile | 1967 (22.0) | 788 (16.3) | ||
3rd Quintile | 1748 (19.6) | 1001 (20.7) | ||
4th Quintile | 1589 (17.8) | 1160 (24.0) | ||
5th Quintile | 1457 (16.3) | 1294 (26.8) | ||
Education (%) | ||||
< High school | 2267 (25.4) | 444 (9.2) | ||
High school | 4940 (55.4) | 2565 (53.3) | ||
≥ College | 1706 (19.1) | 1805 (37.5) | ||
Employment (%) | ||||
In labor force | 2802 (31.4) | 1976 (40.9) | ||
Health insurance (%) | 8488 (95.1) | 4680 (97.0) | ||
Geographic region (%) | ||||
Northeast | 1421 (16.0) | 667 (13.8) | ||
Midwest | 2171 (24.4) | 1420 (29.4) | ||
South | 3643 (40.9) | 1848 (38.3) | ||
West | 1674 (18.8) | 888 (18.4) | ||
Childhood abuse (%) | 572 (6.5) | 277 (5.8) | ||
Physical health | ||||
Number of physical conditions (range: 0–8) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.4) | ||
Diabetes (%) | 1947 (21.8) | 778 (16.1) | ||
Hypertension (%) | 5233 (58.7) | 2608 (54.1) | ||
Stroke (%) | 853 (9.6) | 256 (5.3) | ||
Cancer (%) | 1421 (16.0) | 666 (13.8) | ||
Heart disease (%) | 2346 (26.3) | 1008 (20.9) | ||
Lung disease (%) | 996 (11.2) | 305 (6.3) | ||
Arthritis (%) | 5501 (61.7) | 2794 (57.9) | ||
Overweight/obesity (%) | 6127 (69.6) | 3355 (70.1) | ||
Physical functioning limitations (%) | 2600 (29.1) | 724 (15.0) | ||
Cognitive impairment (%) | 2175 (24.9) | 524 (10.9) | ||
Chronic pain (%) | 3351 (37.5) | 1398 (29.0) | ||
Self-rated health (range: 1–5) | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.0) | ||
Hearing (range: 1–5) | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.0) | ||
Eyesight (range: 1–6) | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.4 (0.9) | ||
Health behaviors | ||||
Heavy drinking (%) | 550 (7.4) | 241 (6.1) | ||
Smoking (%) | 1413 (15.9) | 309 (6.5) | ||
Frequent physical activity (%) | 5880 (65.9) | 3975 (82.4) | ||
Sleep problems (%) | 2042 (44.0) | 1008 (38.6) | ||
Psychological well-being | ||||
Positive affect (range: 1–5) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.7) | ||
Life satisfaction (range: 1–7) | 4.9 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.4) | ||
Optimism (range: 1–6) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.7 (0.9) | ||
Purpose in life (range: 1–6) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.8 (0.8) | ||
Mastery (range: 1–6) | 4.7 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.0) | ||
Health mastery (range: 0–10) | 7.1 (2.5) | 7.5 (2.1) | ||
Financial mastery (range: 0–10) | 7.2 (2.8) | 7.6 (2.3) | ||
Psychological distress | ||||
Depression (%) | 1509 (17.3) | 369 (7.7) | ||
Depressive symptoms (range: 0–8) | 1.7 (2.1) | 0.9 (1.6) | ||
Hopelessness (range: 1–6) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.1) | ||
Negative affect (range: 1–5) | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.5) | ||
Perceived constraints (range: 1–6) | 2.4 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.0) | ||
Anxiety (range: 1–4) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.5) | ||
Trait anger (range: 1–4) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | ||
State anger (range: 1–4) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | ||
Cynical hostility (range: 1–6) | 3.1 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.1) | ||
Stressful life events (range: 0–5) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) | ||
Financial strain (range: 1–5) | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.9) | ||
Daily discrimination (range: 1–6) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.7) | ||
Major discrimination (range: 0–6) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | ||
Social factors | ||||
Living with spouse/partner (%) | 5400 (62.6) | 3388 (71.6) | ||
Contact children (%) | ||||
< Every few months | 1312 (15.1) | 528 (11.2) | ||
1-2x/month | 963 (11.1) | 547 (11.6) | ||
1-2x/week | 2508 (28.9) | 1622 (34.3) | ||
≥ 3x/week | 3884 (44.8) | 2028 (42.9) | ||
Contact other family (%) | ||||
< Every few months | 2184 (25.1) | 1089 (23.0) | ||
1-2x/month | 1920 (22.1) | 1198 (25.3) | ||
1-2x/week | 2304 (26.5) | 1370 (29.0) | ||
≥ 3x/week | 2278 (26.2) | 1076 (22.7) | ||
Contact friends (%) | ||||
< Every few months | 1889 (21.6) | 375 (7.9) | ||
1-2x/month | 1634 (18.7) | 846 (17.8) | ||
1-2x/week | 2845 (32.6) | 1959 (41.1) | ||
≥ 3x/week | 2363 (27.1) | 1584 (33.3) | ||
Loneliness (range: 1–3) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.5) | ||
Closeness with spouse (range: 1–4) | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.7) | ||
Number of close children | 2.9 (4.1) | 2.7 (2.9) | ||
Number of close other family | 3.9 (5.8) | 3.9 (5.0) | ||
Number of close friends | 4.0 (5.6) | 5.4 (6.5) | ||
Positive social support from spouse (range: 1–4) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.6) | ||
Positive social support from children (range: 1–4) | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.7) | ||
Positive social support from other family (range: 1–4) | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.9 (0.8) | ||
Positive social support from friends (range: 1–4) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.7) | ||
Social strain from spouse (range: 1–4) | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.6) | ||
Social strain from children (range: 1–4) | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.6) | ||
Social strain from other family (range: 1–4) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | ||
Social strain from friends (range: 1–4) | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) | ||
Religious service attendance (%) | ||||
Not at all | 2994 (33.6) | 457 (9.5) | ||
< 1x/week | 3136 (35.2) | 1159 (24.0) | ||
≥ 1x/week | 2792 (31.3) | 3208 (66.5) | ||
Helping friends/neighbors/relatives (%) | ||||
0 h/year | 5221 (58.6) | 1400 (29.1) | ||
1–49 h/year | 1806 (20.3) | 1412 (29.4) | ||
50–99 h/year | 861 (9.7) | 974 (20.3) | ||
100–199 h/year | 571 (6.4) | 618 (12.9) | ||
≥ 200 h/year | 450 (5.1) | 406 (8.4) | ||
Social status ladder (range: 1–10) | 6.3 (1.8) | 6.9 (1.6) | ||
Change in social status ladder (%) | ||||
Moved down | 880 (10.3) | 385 (8.2) | ||
No change | 6598 (77.3) | 3686 (78.7) | ||
Moved up | 1056 (12.4) | 614 (13.1) | ||
Personality | ||||
Openness (range: 1–4) | 2.9 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.5) | ||
Conscientiousness (range: 1–4) | 3.3 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.4) | ||
Extraversion (range: 1–4) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.5) | ||
Agreeableness (range: 1–4) | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.4) | ||
Neuroticism (range: 1–4) | 2.1 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) | ||
