Table 1 Results of MANOVA and post-hoc analyses on the effect of the factors application of DOR-based biochar, soil contamination level (“low”, “medium” and “high”), soil treatment time (30, 60 and 90 days), inoculation of F. mosseae and their interactions on soil enzyme activities (β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase), PLFA- and NLFA-based microbial abundance, easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein content (EE-GRSP) and AMF-root colonization rate.

From: Application of dry olive residue-based biochar in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances the microbial status of metal contaminated soils

Factors

β-glucosidasea

Dehydrogenaseb

PLFAtotc

PLFAbacc

PLFAGram+c

PLFAGram-c

PLFAactc

PLFAfunc

NLFAAMFc

EE-GRSPd

AMF-root colonizatione

Biochar application (B)

Fsignificance (df)f

47.15*** (1)

0.19 (1)

36.04*** (1)

33.1*** (1)

11.44*** (1)

75.5*** (1)

8.74*** (1)

47.00*** (1)

13.48*** (1)

2.70 (1)

1.83 (1)

Post-hoc test

 No application

1283.79 b

0.39 a

10.54 a

7.02 a

2.67 a

2.87 a

1.07 a

0.17 a

0.63 a

0.16 a

5.00 a

 Application

1191.40 a

0.39 a

13.80 b

9.44 b

3.26 b

4.10 b

1.25 b

0.28 b

0.77 b

0.16 a

6.00 a

Soil contamination level (S)

Fsignificance (df)f

18.65*** (2)

2251.15*** (2)

314.44*** (2)

495.05*** (2)

258.73*** (2)

340.47*** (2)

555.19*** (2)

125.60*** (2)

872.95*** (2)

2553.75*** (2)

29.00*** (2)

Post-hoc test

 Low

1459.21 b

0.45 b

14.95 b

10.53 b

4.11 b

4.33 b

1.54 c

0.20 b

0.87 b

0.17 a

7.00 b

 Medium

1127.80 a

0.46 b

15.25 b

10.95 c

3.85 b

4.96 c

1.31 b

0.38 c

1.36 c

0.16 a

9.00 c

 High

1239.45 a

0.14 a

7.93 a

4.96 a

1.73 a

2.26 a

0.58 a

0.15 a

0.16 a

0.19 b

5.00 a

Soil treatment time (T)

Fsignificance (df)f

485.17*** (2)

14.68*** (2)

52.40*** (2)

81.44*** (2)

14.00*** (2)

98.24*** (2)

19.41*** (2)

55.25*** (2)

64.06*** (2)

821.10*** (2)

362.20*** (2)

Post-hoc test

 30 days

1119.52 a

0.45 b

14.96 c

10.13 b

3.29 b

5.20 c

1.30 c

0.32 b

0.58 a

0.17 a

14.00 c

 60 days

1196.07 b

0.42 b

12.62 b

8.55 b

2.98 b

3.80 b

1.23 b

0.30 b

1.16 c

0.19 c

5.75 b

 90 days

1341.95 c

0.38 a

12.54 a

8.58 a

2.50 a

3.34 a

1.17 a

0.20 a

0.70 b

0.15 b

3.55 a

F. mosseae inoculation (M)

Fsignificance (df)f

8.81*** (1)

2.62 (1)

0.74 (1)

23.97*** (1)

3.85 (1)

1.66 (1)

5.57* (1)

1.07 (1)

24.56*** (1)

3122.76*** (1)

24.29*** (1)

Post-hoc test

 No inoculation

1204.16 a

0.43 a

12.79 a

8.90 b

3.07 a

3.78 a

1.19 b

0.23 a

0.78 a

0.16 a

5.00 a

 Inoculation

1270.64 b

0.33 a

13.09 a

8.89 a

3.16 a

4.13 a

1.16 a

0.29 a

0.86 b

3.41 b

8.57 b

Significant interactions

B × S***, B × M*, S × T***, S × M***, T × M***, B × S × M***, S × T × M*

S × T***, S × M***, T × M*, B × T × M***, S × T × M***

B × T***, B × M***, S × T***, B × S × T***

B × T***, B × M***, S × T***, S × M***, M × T***, B × S × T***, S × T × M***

B × T***, S × T***, S × M***, B × S × T***, S × T × M***

B × T***, B × M***, S × T***, B × S × T***

B × S***, B × T***, B × M***, S × T***, S × M***, B × S × T*

B × M***, S × T***, B × S × T*

S × T***, S × M***, B × S × T*, S × T × M***

B × S*, S × T***, S × M***, T × M***, S × T × M***, B × S × T × M***

B × T***, S × T***, S × M***, M × T***, S × T × M*

  1. Median values for each variable at each factor level are also shown.
  2. aFor post-hoc tests, the values are expressed as µPNP (g soil dm)−1 (1 h)−1.
  3. bFor post-hoc tests, the values are expressed as μmol INTF (g soil dm)−1 (1 h)−1.
  4. cFor post-hoc tests, the values are expressed as µg PLFA or NLFA (g soil dm)−1.
  5. dFor post-hoc tests, the values are expressed as mg (g soil dm)−1.
  6. eFor post-hoc tests, the values are expressed as %.
  7. fF-valuesignificance (degrees of freedom).
  8. For MANOVA analyses, F-values in bold denote statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05), significance levels are shown at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001; for post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests, median values of followed by different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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