Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients with bronchiectasis according to spirometric pattern.

From: Clinical characteristics, radiological features, and disease severity of bronchiectasis according to the spirometric pattern

Variables

Normal

Obstructive

Restrictive

P-value

N = 152

N = 261

N = 93

Age, years

66 (58–72)

68 (62–75)a,c

64 (56–71)c

< 0.001

Sex, male

63 (41.4)

162 (62.1)a,c

29 (31.2)c

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.4 (21.1–25.5)

22.9 (20.4–25.2)

22.5 (19.9–25.6)

0.275

Smoking history

Current or ex-smoker

43 (28.3)

114 (43.7)a,c

19 (20.4)c

< 0.001

Previous history of TB

29 (19.1)

68 (26.1)

23 (24.7)

0.266

Previous history of pertussis

4 (2.6)

5 (1.9)

6 (6.5)

0.083

Comorbidities

COPD

0

261 (100)a,c

0c

< 0.001

Asthma

20 (13.2)

57 (21.8)a,c

5 (5.4)c

0.001

Cardiovascular disease

46 (30.3)

114 (43.7)

31 (33.3)

0.016

Diabetes mellitus

13 (8.6)

44 (16.9)a,c

7 (7.5)c

0.013

Chronic liver disease

4 (2.6)

8 (3.1)

4 (4.3)

0.763

Chronic kidney disease

1 (0.7)

10 (3.8)

4 (4.3)

0.131

Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis

0

7 (2.7)

3 (3.2)

0.053

Spirometry

FVC, L

2.9 (2.4–3.5)

2.5 (1.9–3.3)a,c

2.0 (1.6–2.5)b,c

< 0.001

FVC, % predicted

94 (87–102)

82 (68–94)a,c

68 (59–74)b,c

< 0.001

FEV1, L

2.2 (1.9–2.7)

1.3 (1.0–1.8)a,c

1.6 (1.2–2.1)b,c

< 0.001

FEV1, % predicted

98 (88–108)

61 (45–74)a,c

69 (61–79)b,c

< 0.001

FEV1/FVC, %

78 (74–81)

56 (48–64)a,c

79 (74–86)c

< 0.001

Microbiology

24 (15.8)

108 (41.4)a

30 (32.3)b

< 0.001

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

13 (8.6)

62 (23.8)a

16 (17.2)b

0.001

Haemophilus influenzae

1 (0.7)

9 (3.4)

2 (2.2)

0.196

Staphylococcus aureus

3 (2.0)

18 (6.9)a

4 (4.3)

0.080

Klebsiella pneumoniae

9 (5.9)

26 (10.0)

8 (8.6)

0.364

Streptococcus pneumoniae

1 (0.7)

9 (3.4)

2(2.2)

0.196

Othersa

2 (1.3)

27 (10.3)a

6 (6.5)b

0.002

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria

15 (9.9)

17 (6.5)c

19 (20.4)b,c

0.001

MAC

13/15 (86.7)

15/17 (88.2)

14/19 (73.7)

0.454

MABC

2/15 (13.3)

2/17 (11.8)

4/19 (21.1)

0.167

  1. Data are presented as the median (interquartile range) or numbers (%).
  2. One patient had co-infection with MAC and M. abscessus.
  3. BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TB tuberculosis, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, NTM nontuberculous mycobacteria, MAC Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, MABC M. abscessus complex.
  4. aOthers had multidrug-resistant bacteria identified in hospital-acquired pneumonia (e.g., Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia).
  5. Due to Bonferroni correction with three comparisons, the P-value of 0.05 corresponds to 0.17 (0.05/3).
  6. aThere was a significant difference between normal lung function and the obstructive pattern.
  7. bThere was a significant difference between normal lung function and the restrictive pattern.
  8. cThere was a significant difference between the obstructive and restrictive patterns.
Back to article page