Table 1 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between nine air pollutants and six potential sources of environmental pollution.

From: Assessing the impact of long-term exposure to nine outdoor air pollutants on COVID-19 spatial spread and related mortality in 107 Italian provinces

Air pollutants

Large firms per km2

Energy and gas consumption per km2

Vehicles per km2

Public transport

Cattle fodder per km2

Livestock per km2

Common air pollutants

NO2

0.6754***

0.7167***

0.625***

0.4171***

0.3244***

0.3762***

O3 (>120)

0.5833***

0.5494***

0.3064***

0.268***

0.5395***

0.6381***

O3 (>180)

0.6322***

0.5834***

0.3729***

0.3675***

0.5073***

0.7044***

PM2.5

0.6126***

0.5831***

0.385***

0.2672***

0.446***

0.6897***

PM10

0.5838***

0.5117***

0.42***

0.2179**

0.3963***

0.5688***

PM10 (>50)

0.5957***

0.5639***

0.4139***

0.2177**

0.4899***

0.708***

PAHs

Benzene

0.3925***

0.3989***

0.4618***

0.272**

0.0829

0.1291

BaP

0.2047*

0.3689***

0.2026*

0.0904

0.359***

0.2456**

Heavy metals

As

0.2726**

0.2627**

0.1493

− 0.0204

0.2322*

0.3931***

Cd

0.341***

0.3432**

0.2723**

0.2307*

0.0931

0.0975

Ni

0.1285

0.2702**

0.2439*

0.131

0.1609

− 0.0641

  1. p-value < 0.01***; p-value < 0.05**; p-value < 0.1*.
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