Table 3 Provinces that exceeded the WHO AQG threshold in the period 2014–2019.

From: Assessing the impact of long-term exposure to nine outdoor air pollutants on COVID-19 spatial spread and related mortality in 107 Italian provinces

Air pollutants

WHO AQG threshold

National averages

Provinces with long-term violations

Province with at least 1-year violation

NO2

40 µg/m3

26.3279

11

15

O3 (8 h)

> 100 µg/m3

28.2256a

95a

95a

PM2.5

10 µg/m3

15.3609

85

88

PM10

20 µg/m3

24.952

86

93

PM10

> 50 µg/m3

25.1509

106

106

Benzene

No safe level

1.2069

BaP

No safe level

0.4363

As

No safe level

0.9559

Cd

5 ng/m3

0.343

0

0

Ni

No safe level

3.6301

  1. Source: WHO46.
  2. aDue to a lack of data, these violations referred to the legal threshold limit of 120 µg/m3.