Table 2 Associations between maternal hormone concentrations and offspring digit ratios.

From: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio measured in early pregnancy

 

R2D:4D

L2D:4D

D[R−L]

n

ES

BCa 95% CI

n

ES

BCa 95% CI

n

ES

BCa 95% CI

Bivariate

Testosterone

41

0.023

− 0.252 to 0.265

42

0.190

− 0.114 to 0.465

40

− 0.115

− 0.437 to 0.177

Estradiol

41

0.305

− 0.039 to 0.516

42

0.050

− 0.290 to 0.390

40

0.236

− 0.144 to 0.486

T:E ratio

41

− 0.337

− 0.631 to − 0.018

42

− 0.038

− 0.412 to 0.288

40

− 0.285

− 0.613 to − 0.014

Multivariate

Testosterone

37

− 0.022

− 0.069 to 0.035

37

0.056

0.008 to 0.098

36

− 0.077

− 0.125 to − 0.013

Testosterone × sex

37

0.042

− 0.081 to 0.233

37

− 0.051

− 0.137 to 0.028

36

0.086

− 0.062 to 0.236

Estradiol

37

0.027

− 0.039 to 0.079

37

0.033

− 0.032 to 0.099

36

− 0.006

− 0.091 to 0.062

Estradiol × sex

37

− 0.004

− 0.010 to 0.137

37

− 0.045

− 0.138 to 0.061

36

0.026

− 0.090 to 0.146

T:E ratio

37

− 0.458

− 0.795 to 0.111

37

0.130

− 0.418 to 0.726

36

− 0.562

− 1.205 to 0.073

T:E ratio × sex

37

0.360

− 0.511 to 1.007

37

− 0.258

− 1.002 to 0.752

36

0.600

− 0.481 to 1.413

  1. BCa 95% CI = bias corrected and accelerated 95% confidence intervals.
  2. Bivariate analyses are boostrapped (10,000 resamples) Pearson’s correlations; multivariate analyses are bootstrapped (10,000 resamples) multiple linear regression. ES = effect size (Pearson’s r for bivariate analyses; β for multivariate analyses). The following variables were included as covariates in the multivariate analyses: child’s sex (0 = female, 1 = male), maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) status (1 = absent, 2 = present), maternal hirsutism score (1 = no areas affected, 2 = one area affected, 3 = more than one area affected), child’s birth weight (grams), child’s age at follow-up corrected for gestational age (days). Statistically significant effects (i.e., those for which the BCa 95% CIs do not include 0) are presented in bold.
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