Table 5 Comparison of the CZ adsorbent with other adsorbents for removal CV, MG, Cd(II) and Pb(II).

Adsorbent	Analyte	Adsorbent dosage	Concentration	pH	Time	Removal/adsorption capacity	References
Chitosan	CV	1 g	77 mg L⁻¹	7	140 min	72%	⁵⁵
Chitosan/nanodiopside	CV	0.007 g	20 mg L⁻¹	7.5	25 min	99%	⁵⁶
Nanozeolite-X	CV	0.26 g	13 mg L⁻¹	8	6 min	97.60%	⁵⁷
CZ adsorbent	CV	0.19 g	10 mg L⁻¹	6	22 min	99.15%	This work
ZIF-8^a	MG	0.05 g	25 mg L⁻¹	7	90 min	95%	⁵⁸
CuO-NPs-AC^b	MG	0.02 g	30 mg L⁻¹	10	4.5 min	100%	⁵⁹
Zr-SBA-15^c	MG	6.66 mg	5.48 mg L⁻¹	7.15	4.78 min	140.61 mg g⁻¹	⁶⁰
CZ adsorbent	MG	0.19 g	10 mg L⁻¹	6	22 min	99.69%	This work
Hematite	Cd(II)	40 g	44.88 μmol L⁻¹	9.2	2 h	98%	⁶¹
Polyaniline	Cd(II)	0.75 g	20 mg L⁻¹	6	35 min	430 mg g⁻¹	⁶²
							Coated on sawdust
Zeolite X	Cd(II)	0.4 g	20 mg L⁻¹	7.5	30 min	99.96%	⁶³
CZ adsorbent	Cd(II)	0.19 g	10 mg L⁻¹	6	22 min	94.46%	This work
Tobacco stems	Pb(II)	0.8 g	10 mg L⁻¹	5	120 min	94.37%	⁶⁴
Pomegranate peel	Pb(II)	2.5 g	40 mg L⁻¹	5.6	2 h	98%	⁶⁵
DgPmPDA@GO^d	Pb(II)	120 mg	50 mg L⁻¹	6	120 min	98%	⁶⁶
CZ adsorbent	Pb(II)	0.19 g	10 mg L⁻¹	6	22 min	95.26%	This work

^aZeolitic imidazole framework-8, ^bMn-doped CuO-Nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon, ^cZirconium-containing mesostructured SBA-15 silica, ^dDextrin-g-poly mphenylenediamine (DgPmPDA) and graphene oxide (GO).

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