Table 3 The table displays the results of a linear mixed model (restricted maximum likelihood regression) estimating associations of serum 25(OH)D concentration (nmol/l) with sociodemographic and clinical predictor variables at baseline (effect estimates), as well as the impact of predictors on changes in serum vitamin D concentrations over time (time trends per year).

From: Vitamin D status and associations with substance use patterns among people with severe substance use disorders in Western Norway

 

Partly adjusted*

Adjusted

Effect estimate

Time trend (per year)

effect estimate

Time trend (per year)

Estimate (CI)

Slope (CI)

Estimate (CI)

Slope (CI)

Serum 25(OH)D

  

57.2 (47.8, 66.6)

5.19 (0.33, 10.0)

Gender

Male

  

0.00 (reference)

 

Female

  

0.81 (−2.73, 4.34)

 

Age

< 30

  

0.00 (reference)

 

30–39

  

−1.57 (−6.43, 3.29)

 

40–49

  

−2.50 (−7.60, 2.61)

 

50–59

  

−3.15 (−8.55, 2.26)

 

≥ 60

  

−0.62 (−8.42, 7.17)

 

Season

Summer

  

0.00 (reference)

 

Autumn

  

−6.06 (−8.89, −3.23)

 

Winter

  

−11.4 (−14.4, −8.53)

 

Spring

  

−10.8 (−13.7, −7.97)

 

Source of income

Social benefits1

0.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

Paid labor

8.73 (1.64, 15.8)

0.42 (−3.99, 4.83)

8.74 (1.52, 16.0)

−1.52 (−6.10, 3.06)

OAT dose ratio2

−0.90 (−4.73, 2.94)

−0.11 (−2.61, 2.38)

−1.33 (−5.18, 2.52)

0.17 (−2.38, 2.72)

Frequent consumtion3

Alcohol

0.85 (−3.50, 5.19)

−1.91 (−4.42, 0.59)

0.86 (−3.44, 5.16)

−1.62 (−4.18, 0.94)

Cannabis

−4.88 (−8.63, −1.14)

0.35 (−1.77, 2.47)

−5.20 (−9.11, −1.29)

1.41 (−0.86, 3.68)

Non−OAT opioids

1.94 (−3.62, 7.51)

−0.97 (−4.37, 2.43)

0.68 (−5.05, 6.40)

0.31 (−3.26, 3.87)

Stimulants4

−0.86 (−5.19, 3.46)

−2.92 (−5.52, −0.32)

−0.97 (−5.48, 3.53)

−2.17 (−4.94, 0.60)

Benzodiazepines

1.01 (−2.85, 4.88)

−2.47 (−4.61, −0.33)

3.47 (−0.70, 7.65)

−2.43 (−4.87, 0,01)

Tobacco5

0.40 (−7.01, 7.81)

−3.14 (−7.28, 1.00)

1.31 (−6.04, 8.65)

−3.82 (−8.01, 0.38)

  1. Significant results are shown in italics (p < 0.05). CI, 95% confidence interval.
  2. *Adjusted for gender and age.
  3. 1Social benefits include disability, disease and unemployment benefits and work assessment allowance.
  4. 2The prescribed daily dosage of opioid agonist divided by the WHO mean recommended dosage (90 mg for methadone, 18 mg for buprenorphine). In this variable, zero represents no prescribed OAT medication.
  5. 3Self-reported consumption of a substance at a minimum weekly basis during the 12 months prior to the first assessment.
  6. 4Amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine.
  7. 5Self-reported tobacco use (smoking or snuff) on a minimum weekly basis during the 12 months prior to the first health assessment.
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