Figure 1

Relationships between recruitment (R), survival of adult females, starting adult female abundance, and population growth (λ; top row), the probability of quasi-extinction (QE; adult female abundance ≤ 5) at years 10 and 30 (middle rows) and the proportion of simulations resulting in mean λ < 1.0, based on 10,000 stochastic simulations of population trajectories. Dashed lines for QE(10) and QE(30) indicate the persistence threshold: 0.01 and 0.10 respectively.