Table 2 Characteristics of an ankle joint axis representative for the dorsiflexion and plantarflexion period in walking.
From: Human ankle joint movements during walking are probably not determined by talar morphology
Participant 1 | Participant 2 | Participant 3 | Participant 4 | Participant 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dorsiflexion period (15–25% stance phase) | |||||
Number of valid FHAs (max. 11 per trail) | 175 | 242 | 209 | 165 | 142 |
Plantarflexion per FHA window: grand mean (in °), | − 4.4 | − 5 | − 5.7 | − 4.1 | − 4.6 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | − 6.9, − 6.5, − 2.5, − 1.4 | − 7.4, − 6.6, − 2.6, − 0.8 | − 7.0, − 6.9, − 3.8, − 2.8 | − 6.4, − 5.7, − 2.0, − 1.4 | − 7.9, − 7.6, − 2.1, − 0.4 |
Inversion per FHA window: grand mean (in °) | − 0.7 | − 0.7 | − 0.6 | − 0.6 | − 1.6 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | − 2.0, − 1.6, 0.3, 1.0 | − 3.0, − 2.2, 1.1, 2.3 | − 2.9, − 2.0, 1.7, 2.6 | − 3.0, − 1.9, 0.3, 0.5 | − 3.0, − 2.8, 0.9, 1.4 |
Adduction per FHA window: grand mean (in °) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | − 1.1 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | − 2.5, − 1.3, 2.9, 2.9 | − 2.3, − 0.6, 2.2, 2.7 | − 4.2, − 2.3, 1.8, 2.6 | − 2.0, − 1.6, 1.7, 2.4 | − 1.1, − 0.7, 2.6, 2.8 |
Translation along FHA: grand mean (in mm) | 0.8 | − 0.1 | 1.4 | − 0.6 | 0 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in mm) | − 1.0, − 0.8, 2.5, 2.8 | − 2.6, − 1.4, 1.8, 2.1 | − 2.9, − 2.2, 3.5, 5.1 | − 2.4, − 1.9, 0.5, 0.7 | − 1.9, − 1.1, 0.9, 1.0 |
Rotation about FHA: grand mean (in °) | 4.9 | 5.5 | 6 | 4.5 | 5.4 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in mm) | 2.2, 3.2, 6.8, 7.4 | 2.5, 3.6, 6.9, 7.7 | 3.3, 4.7, 7.1, 7.3 | 2.3, 2.9, 6.0, 7.2 | 2.3, 3.4, 8.1, 8.4 |
FHA inclination: grand mean (in °) | − 15.5 | − 11.6 | − 4.2 | − 6.9 | − 14.6 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | − 45.0, − 36.3, 11.0, 24.1 | − 30.9, − 21.6, 3.6, 38.2 | − 26.5, − 19.4, 15.7, 38.3 | − 40.0, − 25.8, 16.6, 32.0 | − 59.8, − 33.8, 7.2, 18.6 |
FHA deviation: grand mean (in °) | 77.6 | 79.6 | 80.9 | 83 | 69.1 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | 53.6, 58.4, 91.6, 99.1 | 51.4, 63.7, 97.7, 138.2 | 47.2, 68.1, 104.2, 121.4 | 61.1, 73.9, 92.7, 98.7 | 55.7, 58.5, 95.7, 127.5 |
Plantarflexion period (85–95% stance phase) | |||||
Number of valid FHAs (max. 11 per trail) | 176 | 235 | 209 | 165 | 143 |
Plantarflexion per FHA window: grand mean (in °) | 9.9 | 4 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 6.4 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | 4.1, 5.5, 13.5, 15.0 | 1.2, 1.8, 6.2, 6.9 | 4.1, 5.9, 12.5, 13.5 | 3.7, 4.5, 10.4, 11.0 | 2.4, 6.8, 8.6, 8.9 |
Inversion per FHA window: grand mean (in °) | 2.6 | 0.5 | − 0.2 | 1.7 | 2.3 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | 0.4, 1.1, 4.6, 5.0 | − 2.3, − 1.6, 2.0, 2.6 | − 1.5, − 1.3, 1.4, 2.2 | 0.6, 0.7, 2.7, 2.8 | 0.9, 1.1, 3.4, 3.6 |
Adduction per FHA window: grand mean (in °) | 2.3 | 0.4 | 2.3 | − 0.9 | 0 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | 0.1, 1.0, 3.7, 4.4 | − 0.9, − 0.5, 1.3, 1.9 | − 0.7, 0.7, 3.4, 3.7 | − 2.3, − 2.0, 0.1, 0.2 | − 1.6, − 1.4, 2.0, 2.5 |
Translation along FHA: grand mean (in mm) | − 0.8 | − 0.4 | − 1.3 | − 0.8 | − 0.2 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in mm) | − 2.4, − 2.1, 1.0, 3.6 | − 3.8, − 2.8, 1.7, 2.8 | − 3.7, − 2.3, 0.1, 1.3 | − 2.5, − 1.8, 0.6, 1.1 | − 2.0, − 1.8, 0.8, 1.3 |
Rotation about FHA: grand mean (in °), | 11.2 | 4.5 | 7 | 8.1 | 7.2 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in mm) | 5.4, 7.3, 14.1, 15.2 | 2.1, 2.5, 6.5, 7.2 | 5.1, 7.0, 12.7, 13.7 | 4.5, 5.5, 10.8, 11.4 | 4.3, 4.8, 9.3, 9.5 |
FHA inclination: grand mean (in °) | 12.1 | 3.9 | 14.5 | − 7.8 | 1.4 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | − 1.9, 3.1, 21.6, 24.5 | − 13.4, − 9.0, 16.9, 24.0 | − 7.4, − 4.8, 22.8, 26.4 | − 23.1, − 15.9, − 0.4, 1.9 | − 15.9, − 11.3, 18.0, 35.1 |
FHA deviation: grand mean (in °) | 76.3 | 82.4 | 91.1 | 78.8 | 67.9 |
& min, 5perc, 95perc, max (in °) | 58.1, 67.4, 83.5, 84.8 | 51.3, 61.4, 116.4, 129.3 | 73.5, 79.9, 99.2, 108.7 | 71.4, 73.0, 83.7, 87.0 | 51.3, 58.3, 75.6, 79.1 |
