Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the short-form Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10-D) scores.

From: Association between changes in handgrip strength and depression in Korean adults: a longitudinal panel study

 

Men (n = 3052)

Women (n = 3731)

Participants

CESD-10-D

Participants

CESD-10-D

N

%

Mean

SD

p-value

N

%

Mean

SD

p-value

Changes in handgrip strength

0.8602

 

0.7542

Same or Increased

1213

39.7

3.042

2.756

 

1691

45.3

3.793

2.883

 

Decreased

1839

60.3

3.058

2.698

2040

54.7

3.820

2.891

Age, years

 < 0.0001

 

 < 0.0001

45–54

845

27.7

2.512

2.445

 

1150

30.8

2.925

2.569

 

55–64

954

31.3

2.698

2.585

1083

29.0

3.547

2.849

65–74

890

29.2

3.430

2.826

1002

26.9

4.515

2.898

 ≥ 75

363

11.9

4.309

2.884

496

13.3

4.994

2.897

Education level

 < 0.0001

 

 < 0.0001

Elementary school or less

924

30.3

3.868

2.913

 

2018

54.1

4.466

2.930

 

Middle school

529

17.3

3.149

2.805

642

17.2

3.402

2.735

High school

1085

35.6

2.690

2.568

897

24.0

2.858

2.566

University or beyond

514

16.8

2.247

2.146

174

4.7

2.557

2.427

Region

 < 0.0001

 

0.0003

Metropolitan

1266

41.5

2.694

2.539

 

1589

42.6

3.497

2.821

 

Small or medium cities

1009

33.1

3.105

2.804

1226

32.9

3.879

2.962

Rural

777

25.5

3.566

2.812

916

24.6

4.250

2.838

Working status

 < 0.0001

 

 < 0.0001

Working

1937

63.5

2.590

2.519

 

1230

33.0

3.221

2.660

 

Non-working

1115

36.5

3.854

2.870

2501

67.0

4.096

2.951

Household income

 < 0.0001

 

 < 0.0001

Quartile 1 (low)

609

20.0

4.118

2.866

 

988

26.5

4.968

2.947

 

Quartile 2

825

27.0

3.238

2.775

997

26.7

3.876

2.839

Quartile 3

865

28.3

2.690

2.576

910

24.4

3.313

2.737

Quartile 4 (high)

753

24.7

2.401

2.409

836

22.4

2.894

2.549

Participation in social activities

 < 0.0001

 

 < 0.0001

No

538

17.6

4.126

3.002

 

819

22.0

4.722

2.988

 

Yes

2514

82.4

2.822

2.600

2912

78.0

3.550

2.805

Smoking

0.0776

 

 < 0.0001

Current

1188

38.9

3.115

2.748

 

109

2.9

5.459

3.114

 

Former

789

25.9

3.118

2.673

38

1.0

4.605

3.150

Never

1075

35.2

2.933

2.724

3584

96.1

3.749

2.862

Alcohol intake

0.4527

 

0.4280

Yes

1926

63.1

2.911

2.659

 

715

19.2

3.418

2.774

 

No

1126

36.9

3.292

2.809

3016

80.8

3.900

2.906

Number of chronic medical conditions

 < 0.0001

 

0.5450

None

175

51.6

2.639

2.558

 

1697

45.5

3.11

2.68

 

1

905

29.7

3.190

2.737

1143

30.6

3.90

2.90

 ≥ 2

572

18.7

3.970

2.884

891

23.9

5.00

2.86

Number of cohabiting generations

0.4463

 

0.0791

Couple

1424

46.7

3.270

2.786

 

1790

48.0

4.085

2.949

 

Two generation

1287

42.2

2.810

2.602

1436

38.5

3.498

2.812

Over two generation

341

11.2

3.053

2.814

505

13.5

3.705

2.782

BMI

0.0005

 

0.0494

Underweight

92

3.0

4.000

3.045

 

113

3.0

4.301

3.062

 

Normal weight

1341

43.9

3.293

2.787

1647

44.1

3.760

2.878

Overweight

1027

33.7

2.888

2.627

1039

27.8

3.774

2.831

Obesity

559

18.3

2.615

2.579

820

22.0

3.883

2.913

Severe obesity

33

1.1

3.091

2.788

112

3.0

3.768

3.148

Perceived health status

 < 0.0001

 

 < 0.0001

Healthy

1787

58.6

2.357

2.383

 

1707

45.8

2.755

2.527

 

Average

865

28.3

3.527

2.747

1231

33.0

4.017

2.716

Unhealthy

400

13.1

5.128

2.809

793

21.3

5.749

2.795

  1. Underweight: BMI < 18.5; normal weight: 18.5 ≤ BMI < 23; overweight: 23 ≤ BMI < 25; obesity: 25 ≤ BMI < 30; severe obesity: 30 ≤ BMI.
  2. BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, CESD-10-D Shorter form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
Back to article page