Figure 10

Simulated co-evolution of the virulence of all parasite types constructed for the co-infection number \(n=2,3,4\). Evolution is governed by long-term simulations following the invasion of nearby mutants. Panels (A), (C) and (E) show the evolution of the virulence of all individual virulence \(\alpha _i\). Panels (B), (D) and (F) show how the densities of the hosts infected by a single strain \(I_i\) vary as the virulence evolves. Panels (A) and (B) consider the case with \(n=2\) when \(\beta _{01}=\beta _{02}=0.21\), \(K_1=0.47\) and \(K_2=0.48\). Panels (C) and (D) consider the case with \(n=3\) when \(\beta _{01}=\beta _{02}=\beta _{03}=0.21\), \(K_1=0.472\), \(K_2=0.476\) and \(K_3=0.477\). Panels (E) and (F) consider the case with \(n=3\) when \(\beta _{01}=\beta _{02}=\beta _{03}=\beta _{04}=0.21\), \(K_1=0.473\), \(K_2=0.47325\), \(K_3=0.4745\) and \(K_4=0.47475\). All other model parameters are as defined in Table 1.