Figure 3

Dependence of (A, B) the effective pest density and (C, D) the ACER on the possible number of co-infections for two cases of transmission \(\beta ^{i_j}_{i_1,i_2,...,i_k}\). The blue curves display the total species density N at the co-ESS virulence, the orange and yellow curves display the efficient population size of the pest \(N_e\) at the ESS virulence when weighting functions \(w_1\) and \(w_2\) are used, given by (11–12) respectively. The dashed curves correspond to the short-time scale scenario, with the virulence given by the ESS for a single infection (\(n=1\)). Within the weighting functions \(w_1\) and \(w_2\), the parameters are as follows; \(\alpha _0=0.4\), \(a=1\), \(b=20\) and \(c=5\), all other model parameters are as defined in Table 1.