Figure 6 | Scientific Reports

Figure 6

From: RSPO3 is a novel contraction-inducible factor identified in an “in vitro exercise model” using primary human myotubes

Figure 6The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Effects of metformin on EPS-inducible upregulation of human R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) and other factors. EPS (1 Hz, 4-ms, 20 V/25 mm) was applied to the differentiated myotubes in the presence or absence of the indicated concentrations of metformin. Total RNA samples were prepared and subjected to RT-PCR analysis to evaluate mRNA levels for RSPO3 (A), IL-6 (B), IL-8 (C), CXCL1(D), and striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS) (E). Data normalized using RPLP0 transcript were averaged over 3 independent experiments. Multi factor ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used for statistical analyses; the effect of EPS is denoted as *P < 0.05; the effect of metformin is denoted as # < 0.05. (F) Whole cell lysates of the differentiated human myotubes (day8) with and without a total of 24 h of EPS (1 Hz, 4-ms, 20 V/25 mm) in the presence of metformin (0, 2.5, 5 mM) were subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC), anti-phospho-AMP-activated kinase (pAMPK), and anti-β-actin antibodies. Three independent experiments were performed; representative results are shown.

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