Table 2 Within-group and between-group comparisons of the baseline, endpoint and changes values for anthropometric, physical activity, and dietary variables in vitamin B12 and placebo groups.

Variables	Vitamin B12 group^a (n = 20)	Placebo group^a (n = 20)	P-value (between)^b
Weight (kg)
Baseline	87.25 (78.50, 101.22)	92.70 (85.92, 105.75)	0.307
Endpoint	85.70 (79.75, 90.06)	91.61 (86.92, 103.07)	0.063
Change^c	− 1.55 (− 3.00, 0.40)	− 0.95 (− 4.15, 2.69)	0.607^e
P value (within)^d	0.097	0.424
BMI (kg/m²)
Baseline	31.42 (27.77, 34.92)	30.74 (27.83, 35.66)	0.940
Endpoint	30.67 (28.08, 33.55)	32.09 (28.70, 35.44)	0.164
Change	− 0.54 (− 1.15, 0.27)	− 0.35 (− 1.45, 0.59)	0.685^e
P value (within)	0.149	0.714
Physical activity (MET-min/week)^f
Baseline	0.0 (0.0, 561)	0.0 (0.0, 408)	0.905^e
Endpoint	216 (0.0, 289)	217 (0.0, 525)	0.422^e
Change	0.0 (− 306, 234)	0.0 (− 77, 244)	0.224^e
P value (within)	0.341^e	0.233^e
Energy (Kcal/day)
Baseline	1975.49 ± 450.27	1994.29 ± 454.19	0.904
Endpoint	1838.91 ± 352.81	1903.95 ± 341.73	0.590
Change	− 136.58 ± 677.26	− 90.34 ± 478.33	0.822
P value (within)	0.404	0.462
Cobalamin (µg/day)
Baseline	3.65 ± 0.70	3.24 ± 0.82	0.124
Endpoint	2.85 ± 0.96	2.92 ± 0.88	0.841
Change	− 0.80 ± 1.35	− 0.32 ± 1.09	0.270
P value (within)	0.022	0.253
Folic acid (µg/day)
Baseline	304.95 ± 112.11	267.53 ± 80.16	0.277
Endpoint	198.61 ± 90.41	156.84 ± 77.27	0.160
Change	− 106.33 ± 178.08	− 110.68 ± 107.52	0.931
P value (within)	0.021	0.001

BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent of task.
^aValues are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th, 75th percentiles).
^bP-value for comparing the values between the study groups at baseline, at the endpoint and the change from baseline. Two sample t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for parametric and non-parametric comparisons, respectively.
^cEndpoint values minus the baseline ones.
^dP-value for comparing baseline with the end point values within each group. Paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon Paired Rank test were used for parametric and non-parametric comparison, respectively.
^eP-value obtained from a non-parametric test.
^fTotal MET-minutes/week = Walking (3.3METs × min × days) + Moderate intensity (4 METs × min × days) + Vigorous intensity(8METs*min*days), based on the short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).

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