Table 4 Within-group and between-group comparisons of the baseline, endpoint and changes’ values for the study secondary outcomes in vitamin B12 and placebo groups.

Variables	Vitamin B12 group^a (n = 20)	Control group^a (n = 20)	P value^b (between)	P value^c,d (ANCOVA)
TG (mg/dl)
Baseline	170 (126, 256)	140 (103, 177)	0.127^g
Endpoint	153 (121, 186)	149 (108, 173)	0.607	0.568^f
Change^e	− 12 (− 45, 35)	4.5 (− 34, 21)	0.577
P value (within)^f	0.446	0.940^g
LDL-c (mg/dl)
Baseline	96 (80, 108)	99 (83, 115)	0.732
Endpoint	97 (80, 115)	102 (95, 114)	0.559	0.597^f
Change	13 (− 12, 29)	7.5 (− 10, 21)	0.854
P value (within)	0.678	0.319
HDL-c (mg/dl)
Baseline	41.5 (36.2, 46)	45 (39.2, 52.7)	0.230
Endpoint	40.9 (32.2, 46.8)	43 (40.1, 45.7)	0.471	0.783^f
Change	− 1.9 (3.8, 1.6)	− 2 (− 8, 2)	0.635^g
P value (within)	0.054	0.045
MDA (ng/ml)
Baseline	4.37 ± 0.89	4.38 ± 1.05	0.969
Endpoint	3.77 ± 0.56	4.17 ± 0.66	0.049	0.119
Change	− 0.60 ± 1.14	− 0.21 ± 1.13	0.292
P value (within)	0.029	0.402

ANCOVA analysis of covariance, HDL-c high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, MDA Malondialdehyde, TG triglyceride.
^aValues are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th, 75th percentiles).
^bP-value for comparing the values between the study groups at baseline, at the endpoint and the change from baseline. Two sample t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for parametric and non-parametric comparisons, respectively.
^cP value for ANCOVA test to determine the significant levels of differences between the two groups post-intervention while adjusting for baseline measurements and covariates.
^dAdjusted for baseline values of corresponding variable, age, and the baseline values of FBG.
^eEndpoint values minus the baseline ones.
^fP-value for comparing baseline with end point values within each group. Paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon Paired Rank test were used for parametric and non-parametric comparison, respectively.
^gP-value obtained from a non-parametric test.

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