Table 1 Comparisons of the proposed performance to the published state-of-the-art performance.
From: Massive metamaterial system-loaded MIMO antenna array for 5G base stations
Ref. | MIMO model | MIMO size (mm3) | Operating BW (GHz) | Isolation (dB) | ECC | Efficiency (%) | Gain (dB) | Technique |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 × 8 | 150 × 80 × 0.8 | 3.4–3.8 | − 12 | < 0.15 | 41–82 | – | Using inverted π-shaped patch, along with inverted L-shaped open slot antenna | |
5.15–5.925 | ||||||||
16 × 16 | 90 × 90 × 19.5 | 3.3–5.1 | − 55 | 0.004 | > 63 | 17.3 | Differential feed network with vertical dotted slots cross-shaped patches has been used to increase the isolation | |
4 × 4 | 76.2 × 76.2 × 13.9 | 3.3–5.0 | < − 30 | < 0.1 | > 90 | > 5 | To reduce mutual coupling, this design uses 3 decoupling techniques: a ferrite chock ring, an unique baffle structure, and a rectangular ring resonator | |
8 × 8 | 560 × 560 × 266 | 5–6 | < − 20 | < 0.0035 | – | > 20 | Wave control is achieved by altering the phase shift distribution of incident waves using a metasurface-based plane | |
336 × 336 × 5.1 | ||||||||
2 × 2 | 250 × 250 | 3.5–4.9 | 28 | – | 90 | 8.8 | A frequency selective surface (FSS) technique has been used between radiators | |
12 × 1 | 166 × 75 × 0.8 | 3.34–3.87 | − 15 | < 0.012 | < 92 | < 10 | Two identical tapered microstrip line fed associate with T-shaped ground have been used to improve the bandwidth and isolation | |
4 × 4 | 200 × 200 × 32 | 2.8–5 | − 27 | – | – | 7.63 | Dipole elements with 2 chamfered designed aerial bow-tie in rectangular orientation fed by 2 coaxial cables are seen here | |
1 × 4 | 170 × 60 × 8 | 3.4–3.8 | < − 25 | – | – | 5.5 | To reduce mutual coupling, baffles loaded by a Split-ring resonator (SRR) are used | |
3 × 6 | 226.8 × 148.2 × 8 | 4–4.7 | − 20 | – | 92 | 16 | The influence of channel correlation has been investigated on indoor wideband massive MIMO to reduce the size and mutual coupling | |
1 × 7 | 140.6 × 140.6 × 1 | 2.85–3.1 | < − 17 | – | 70 | 4 | By using the theory of specific modes (TCM) compound with a modified snowflake-shaped patches | |
This work | 4 × 8 | 184 × 340 × 3.15 | 3.4–3.65 | < − 35 | \(\sim <\) 0.0001 | > 95 | > 19.5 | Epsilon negative metamaterial and near-zero refractive index (ENG/ NZRI/DNG) method properties have been used for high isolation between the elements as well as to increase the gain |
