Table 7 Protective potential of leaf infusion from the M. oleifera.

From: Growth promotion and protective potentials of leaf infusions of Parkia biglobosa, Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina on Abelmoschus esculentus seeds

Treatments

Germination

Index

Time

Rate

Vigor

Infected and untreated

Aspergillus flavus

7.14 (± 10.10)

36.05 (± 3.1)

3.86 (± 0.20)

0.26 (± 0.01)

19.39 (± 27.42)

Aspergillus niger

7.14 (± 10.10)

39.77 (± 4.8)

3.79 (± 0.49)

0.27 (± 0.03)

13.27 (± 18.76)

Aspergillus fumigatus

0.00 (± 0.00)

32.68 (± 2.3)

3.77 (± 0.15)

0.27 (± 0.01)

0.00 (± 0.00)

Penicillium sp.

7.14 (± 0.00)

18.67 (± 5.77)

4.50 (± 0.00)

0.22 (± 0.00)

6.12 (± 8.66)

Infected, then treated

Aspergillus flavus

64.29 (± 10.10)

51.17 (± 6.85)

5.36 (± 0.60)

0.19 (± 0.02)

536.7 (± 251.1)

Aspergillus niger

57.14 (± 0.00)

67.15 (± 5.64)

4.78 (± 0.00)

0.21 (± 0.00)

273.5 (± 109.7)

Aspergillus fumigatus

57.14 (± 0.00)

85.13 (± 7.32)

4.77 (± 0.12)

0.21 (± 0.01)

1036.3 (± 323.8)

Penicillium sp.

385.7 (± 444.4)

243.7 (± 255.8)

5.01 (± 0.06)

0.20 (± 0.00)

4928.5 (± 6464.9)

Treated, then infected

Aspergillus niger

0.00 (± 0.00)

5.36 (± 2.53)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

Aspergillus flavus

0.00 (± 0.00)

17.86 (± 8.42)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

Aspergillus fumigatus

0.00 (± 0.00)

6.37 (± 9.01)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

Penicillium sp.

0.00 (± 0.00)

8.93 (4.21)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

0.00 (± 0.00)

Infected, then steeped in water

Aspergillus niger

14.29 (± 20.20)

41.56 (± 1.50)

4.16 (± 0.80)

0.24 (± 0.05)

38.78 (± 54.84)

Aspergillus flavus

21.43 (± 10.10)

46.36 (± 6.01)

4.49 (± 0.58)

0.22 (± 0.03)

57.14 (± 51.95)

Aspergillus fumigatus

28.57 (± 0.00)

38.66 (± 11.4)

5.27 (± 1.03)

0.19 (± 0.04)

53.06 (± 28.86)

Penicillium sp.

14.29 (± 20.20)

41.50 (± 16.93)

4.00 (± 0.40)

0.25 (± 0.03)

26.53 (± 37.52)

  1. Germination, index, time, rate and vigor represent % germination, germination index, germination time, germination rate and vigor, respectively.