Table 1 Participant characteristics of three shift Nursing Staffs.

Variables	Shift			p-value
Variables	Day (n = 34)	Evening (n = 30)	Night (n = 31)	p-value
Gender
Female	32 (94.1%)	30 (100%)	30 (96.8%)	0.772
Male	2 (5.9%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (3.2%)
Age	36.5 (31.8–39.3)	25 (23.0–28.5)	25 (23.0–30.0)	< 0.001*^§￥
BMI (kg/m²)	21.9 (20.2–23.5)	19.9 (18.4–22.4)	21.1 (19.4–23.4)	0.183
Marital status
Single	9 (26.5%)	27 (90%)	28 (90.3%)	< 0.001*
Married	25 (73.5%)	3 (10.0%)	3 (9.7%)
Current unit
Ward	21 (61.8%)	20 (66.7%)	14 (45.2%)	0.702
MICU	4 (11.8%)	2 (6.7%)	4 (12.9%)
SICU	7 (20.6%)	7 (23.3%)	10 (32.3%)
ER	2 (5.9%)	1 (3.3%)	3 (9.7%)
Years of work in this unit
Less than half a year	5 (14.7%)	19 (63.3%)	12 (38.7%)	< 0.001*^c
Seven months to one year	2 (5.9%)	1 (3.3%)	6 (19.4%)
More than a year	27 (79.4%)	10 (33.3%)	13 (41.9%)
Education level
Five-year junior college	7 (20.6%)	10 (33.3%)	9 (29.0%)	0.733^c
Two-year college of technology	8 (23.5%)	4 (13.3%)	5 (16.1%)
University or above	19 (55.9%)	16 (53.3%)	17 (54.8%)

BMI, body mass index; MICU, Medical Intensive Care Unit; SICU, surgical intensive care unit; ER, emergency room.
*p-value < 0.05(^§Day shift v.s. evening shift; ^₤ evening shift v.s. night shift; ^￥Day shift v.s. night shift). The power after calculation and analysis after the event: the number of subjects is 95 (n = 95), and the ANOVA test is carried out in three groups, and the calculated power is 0.6550386.
^aData were continuous and presented as mean ± SD using ANOVA, The Tukey–Kramer test was performed for the post hoc multiple of ANOVA;
^bData were continuous and presented as median (IQR) using Kruskal–Wallis test, The Dunn test was performed for the post hoc multiple of Kruskal–Wallis test;
^cData were categorical and presented as n (%) using Fisher's exact test;
^dData were categorical and presented as n (%) using chi-squared test.

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