Table 4 Interaction between maternal ETS exposure and parental factors on the risk of CHDs.

From: Association between maternal smoke exposure and congenital heart defects from a case–control study in China

Groups

ETS dose

ORs (95% CI) for ETS within strata of another exposure

None

< 1 h/day

1–2 h/day

≥ 2 h/day

< 1 h/day

1–2 h/day

≥ 2 h/day

Folate intakea

Yes

Ref

1.01 (0.64, 1.59)

1.56 (0.86, 2.83)

4.28 (1.57, 11.67)#

1.01 (0.64, 1.59)

1.56 (0.86, 2.83)

4.28 (1.57, 11.67)#

No

1.26 (0.93, 1.70)

2.41 (1.51, 3.85)$

2.09 (1.20, 3.64)#

7.21 (2.64, 19.66)$

1.92 (1.20, 3.06)#

1.67 (0.96, 2.89)

5.74 (2.11, 15.63)$

ORs (95% CI) for folate intake within strata of ETS

1.26 (0.93, 1.70)

2.38 (1.36, 4.16)#

1.34 (0.63, 2.85)

1.68 (0.42, 6.68)

   

RERI (95% CI)

1.14 (0.05, 2.23)*

0.28 (− 1.13, 1.68)

2.67 (− 5.52,10.86)

   

AP (95% CI)

0.47 (0.17, 0.78)#

0.13 (− 0.49, 0.76)

0.37 (− 0.47,1.12)

   

SI (95% CI)

5.28 (0.47, 58.99)

1.34 (0.29, 6.09)

1.76 (0.34, 9.03)

   

Multiplicative scale (95% CI)

1.90 (1.01, 3.58)*

1.07 (0.48, 2.40)

1.34 (0.33, 5.49)

   

HNS exposureb

No

Ref

1.09 (0.71, 1.68)

1.72 (1.05, 2.83)*

3.49 (1.45, 8.42)#

1.09 (0.71, 1.68)

1.72 (1.05, 2.83)*

3.49 (1.45, 8.42)#

Yes

1.27 (0.90, 1.79)

2.43 (1.54, 3.84)$

1.83 (0.95, 3.54)

11.43 (3.32, 39.44)$

1.91 (1.15, 3.18)#

1.44 (0.72, 2.89)

8.99 (2.55, 31.71)#

ORs (95% CI) for HNS within strata of ETS

1.27 (0.90, 1.79)

2.23 (1.27, 3.89)#

1.06 (0.48, 2.33)

3.27 (0.73, 14.57)

   

RERI (95% CI)

1.07 (− 0.07, 2.21)

− 0.16 (− 1.63, 1.30)

7.67 (− 6.70, 22.03)

   

AP (95% CI)

0.44 (0.11, 0.77)#

− 0.09 (− 0.94, 0.76)

0.67 (0.19, 1.15)#

   

SI (95% CI)

3.93 (0.60, 25.71)

0.83 (0.16, 42.38)

3.77 (0.67, 21.30)

   

Multiplicative scale (95% CI)

1.75 (0.91, 3.36)

0.84 (0.36, 1.96)

2.57 (0.56, 11.90)

   

Paternal smokingc

No

Ref

1.48 (0.95, 2.32)

1.41 (0.84, 2.37)

3.04 (1.16, 7.99)*

1.48 (0.95, 2.32)

1.41 (0.84, 2.37)

3.04 (1.16, 7.99)*

Yes

1.07 (0.75, 1.53)

1.44 (0.96, 2.18)

2.10 (1.13, 3.89)*

8.83 (2.99, 26.02)$

1.35 (0.83, 2.20)

1.97 (1.01, 3.83)*

8.26 (2.72, 25.11)$

ORs(95% CI)

1.07 (0.75, 1.53)

0.97 (0.56, 1.69)

1.49 (0.69, 3.22)

2.90 (0.70,12.10)

   

RERI (95% CI)

− 0.10 (− 1.03, 0.84)

0.66 (− 0.82, 2.15)

6.10 (− 4.49, 16.69)

   

AP (95% CI)

− 0.06 (− 0.69, 0.56)

0.31 (− 0.24, 0.86)

0.65 (0.14, 1.15)#

   

SI (95% CI)

0.84 (0.18, 4.02)

2.35 (0.32,17.35)*

3.59 (0.60, 21.55)$

   

Multiplicative scale (95% CI)

0.92 (0.48, 1.77)

1.42 (0.61, 3.31)

2.72 (0.63, 11.82)

   
  1. *p < 0.05; #p < 0.01; $p < 0.001.
  2. aAdjusted by maternal age, maternal education level, residence, congenital anomalies family history, maternal HNS exposure, paternal smoking.
  3. bAdjusted by maternal age, maternal education level, residence, maternal folate intake, congenital anomalies family history, paternal smoking.
  4. cAdjusted by maternal age, maternal education level, residence, maternal folate intake, congenital anomalies family history, maternal HNS exposure.
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