Table 1 Patient characteristics related to UTI and RUTI (sample size = 963) used in the first stage analysis. The name in the parentheses represents the label of the factor used in the machine learning models. Data are presented with median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). Abbreviations: UTI, urinary tract infection; RUTI, recurrent urinary tract infection; ED, emergency department; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; HPF, high power field.
Characteristic | UTI (n = 826) | RUTI (n = 137) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 67 (45–78) | 75 (62–81) | < 0.0001 |
Gender (male) | 208 (25) | 35 (26) | 0.9157 |
Place of urine sample collection (ED) (Place_of_collection) | 781 (95) | 123 (90) | 0.0513 |
Diabetes mellitus (Dis1) | 230 (28) | 63 (46) | < 0.0001 |
Malignancy, exclusion of urogenital malignancy (Dis2) | 117 (14) | 19 (14) | 0.9999 |
Autoimmune disease (Dis3) | 15 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.7146 |
Liver cirrhosis (Dis4) | 24 (3) | 12 (9) | 0.0025 |
Indwelling Foley catheter (Dis5) | 35 (4) | 13 (9) | 0.0172 |
Obstructive uropathy (Dis6) | 100 (12) | 23 (17) | 0.1299 |
Urolithiasis (Dis7) | 20 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.7653 |
Urogenital malignancy (Dis8) | 19 (2) | 6 (4) | 0.1519 |
Neurogenic bladder (Dis9) | 35 (5) | 22 (16) | < 0.0001 |
Disease group (four_disease_group) | 154 (18) | 51 (37) | < 0.0001 |
End stage renal disease (Dis10) | 18 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.5394 |
Transplantation (Dis11) | 5 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.9999 |
Stroke (Dis12) | 65 (8) | 13 (9) | 0.5004 |
Frequency of hospitalization within 2 years (Pre_hos_2y) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | < 0.0001 |
Frequency of ED visit within 2 years (Pre_UTI_ER_2y) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.0004 |
Frequency of UTI within 2 years (Pre_UTI_hos_2y) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | < 0.0001 |
Any UTI symptom | 441 (53) | 59 (43) | 0.0268 |
Fever (UTI_symptom1) | 375 (45) | 50 (36) | 0.0629 |
Dysuria (UTI_symptom2) | 74 (9) | 12 (9) | 0.9999 |
Painful urination (UTI_symptom3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.1423 |
Frequency (UTI_symptom4) | 72 (9) | 7 (5) | 0.1800 |
Burning sensation (UTI_symptom5) | 31 (4) | 4 (3) | 0.8070 |
Low abdominal pain (UTI_symptom6) | 15 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.7146 |
Flank/back pain (UTI_symptom7) | 63 (8) | 5 (4) | 0.1053 |
Gross hematuria (UTI_symptom8) | 36 (4) | 5 (4) | 0.8228 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.96 (0.6–2.0) | 0.0101 |
Peak blood WBC count (109/L) (BloodWBC) | 10.9 (8.1–14.4) | 10.2 (7.3–13.4) | 0.0761 |
Urinary bacterial count (0 ~ 4) (UBact) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.4160 |
Urinary WBC/HPF (UWBC_level) | 52 (15–178) | 41 (12–122) | 0.3491 |
Urinary RBC/HPF (URBC_level) | 5 (1–20) | 5 (1–11) | 0.3540 |
