Table 1 Characteristics of the population.

From: External validation of the hospital frailty risk score among older adults receiving mechanical ventilation

Characteristica

Low-risk (HFRS < 5) n = 35,126

Intermediate-risk (HFRS 5–15) n = 253,711

High-risk (HFRS > 15) n = 82,573

Total population n = 371,410

p valueb

Weighted number of hospitalizations

61,834

443,659

143,837

649,330

-

Age, median years (IQR)

81 (77–85)

81 (77–86)

82 (78–86)

81 (78–86)

 < 0.001

Patient characteristics

Female

18,250 (51.8)

125,932 (49.6)

41,809 (50.5)

185,991 (50.0)

 < 0.001

Insurance

    

 < 0.001

 Medicare

32,185 (92.0)

232,555 (92.1)

75,020 (91.4)

339,760 (92.0)

 

 Medicaid

530 (1.3)

4,066 (1.4)

1,713 (1.8)

6,309 (1.5)

 

 Private

1,679 (4.6)

11,000 (4.2)

3,692 (4.3)

16,371 (4.2)

 

 Self-pay

153 (0.4)

940 (0.4)

257 (0.3)

1,350 (0.3)

 

 Other

549 (1.7)

4,883 (2.0)

1,824 (2.2)

7,256 (2.0)

 

Household income quartilec

    

 < 0.001

 0-25th

9,915 (29.9)

68,798 (29.0)

22,772 (29.8)

101,485 (29.3)

 

 26-50th

9,442 (28.0)

66,073 (27.3)

20,702 (26)

96,217 (27.0)

 

 51-75th

8,393 (23.9)

61,505 (24.0)

20,077 (24.0)

89,975 (24.0)

 

 76-100th

6,946 (18.2)

54,416 (19.7)

18,201 (20.2)

79,563 (19.7)

 

Elixhauser-van Walraven comorbidity index, median (IQR)

10 (5–16)

19 (12–25)

21 (15–27)

18 (12–25)

 < 0.001

Hospital frailty risk score, median (IQR)

3.6 (2.3–4.3)

10.1 (7.9–12.3)

17.9 (16.3–20.3)

10.8 (7.7–14.5)

 < 0.001

Elective admission

4,709 (14.0)

15,339 (6.5)

3,045 (4.1)

23,093 (6.7)

 < 0.001

Major operative procedure performed

6,844 (19.7)

42,092 (16.8)

12,486 (15.4)

61,422 (16.7)

 < 0.001

Time to mechanical ventilation, median days (IQR)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–3)

0 (0–2)

 < 0.001

Hospital characteristics

Hospital teaching status

    

 < 0.001

 Metropolitan non-teaching hospital

9,240 (24.6)

64,080 (23.5)

19,619 (21.9)

92,939 (23.2)

 

 Metropolitan teaching hospital

23,695 (67.4)

178,037 (70.6)

60,284 (73.7)

262,016 (71.0)

 

 Non-metropolitan hospital

2,191 (8.1)

11,594 (5.9)

2,670 (4.4)

16,455 (5.8)

 

Hospital size

    

0.44

 Small

4,328 (13.2)

31,850 (13.3)

9,872 (12.8)

46,050 (13.2)

 

 Medium

10,291 (28.1)

73,729 (28.0)

23,594 (27.6)

107,614 (28.0)

 

 Large

20,507 (58.8)

148,132 (58.7)

49,107 (59.6)

217,746 (58.9)

 

Outcomes

Length of stay, median days (IQR)

4 (1–8)

8 (4–15)

12 (7–21)

8 (4–15)

 < 0.001

Long lengthy of stay (> 10 days)

6,086 (17.1)

100,002 (39.0)

47,895 (57.9)

153,983 (41.1)

 < 0.001

In-hospital mortality

16,331 (46.4)

119,993 (47.3)

31,906 (38.6)

168,230 (45.3)

 < 0.001

30-day emergency hospital readmissiond

3,127 (16.4)

28,101 (20.6)

10,878 (20.9)

42,106 (20.3)

 < 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: interquartile range (IQR), standard deviation (SD).
  2. aExpressed as unweighted number and weighted percentage (%) unless otherwise stated. Weighted percentages were calculated using complex survey methods in Stata and used the weighted number of hospitalizations.
  3. bA p value < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
  4. cAs determined by the patient’s zip code.
  5. dAmong patient hospitalizations that survived their index admission (Unweighted total n = 18,775 for low-risk, n = 133,597 for intermediate-risk, n = 50,610 for high-risk, n = 202,982 total).
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