Table 4 Congenital malformations in fetus and/or neonates exposed in utero to cannabis alone or in association with tobacco.
Type of congenital malformation | Other AEs | Sex | Maternal age (year) |
|---|---|---|---|
Arthrogyrosis, inches of bilateral adductus, low set ears, hypospadias | Premature rupture of membranes Anhydramnios Prematurity Apgar ≤ 7 at 1 min Intrauterine growth restriction Respiratory failure Intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 4) and leucomalacia Obstructive hydrocephalus Pulmonary arterial hypertension Acute renal failure Neonatal death at D8 | M | 20 |
Microcephalia with dolichocephalia | Oligohydramnios Prematurity Intrauterine growth restriction Enteropathy | F | 24 |
Filtrum elongated with thin upper lip and small chin, microcephalia (antenatal diagnosis: facial dysmorphia and thymus hypoplasia) | Maternal cannabis dependence Pre-eclampsia Prematurity Intrauterine growth restriction Respiratory failure, bradycardia, hypotonia, thrombopenia, neonatal jaundice, hypoglycemia, intraventricular hemorrhage with ventriculomegaly | M | 36 |
Bilateral equine varus feet | Maternal cannabis dependence | M | 27 |
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (antenatal diagnosis) | Maternal cannabis use disorder Fetal heart rhythm disorder | Unknown | 37 |
Microcephalia (antenatal diagnosis) | Intrauterine growth restriction | F | Unknown |
Crossed renal ectopia (antenatal diagnosis: left renal agenesis) | Maternal behavioural disorder Premature rupture of membranes Anhydramnios Prematurity Intrauterine growth restriction Respiratory failure Hyaline membrane disease Anemia Retinopathy Placental subchorionic thrombosis | F | 21 |
Horseshoe kidney (antenatal diagnosis: left kidney not seen) | Maternal cannabis abuse Fetal heart rhythm disorder Apgar ≤ 7 at 1 min | M | 24 |
Duodenal atresia | Maternal cannabis abuse Premature rupture of membranes | F | 31 |
Omphalocele (antenatal diagnosis) | Maternal cannabis dependence | Unknown | 22 |
Cardiopathy (antenatal diagnosis) | Maternal cannabis use disorder and withdrawal syndrome Maternal gastric pain Maternal vomiting | Unknown | 21 |
Short femur (antenatal diagnosis) | Maternal cannabis abuse Threat of premature birth Reduction in the fetal heart rate Intrauterine growth restriction | Unknown | 23 |
