Table 4 Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effect exhibited by ZnO NRs, Co3O4 NPs, Co 10%, and Co 5% nanocomposite on various test microbes (values in nm) (mean ± SD).

From: Bos taurus (A-2) urine assisted bioactive cobalt oxide anchored ZnO: a novel nanoscale approach

Sample name/strain name

Conc µg/mL

Bacterial strains

Fungal stains

Escherichia coli

Salmonella typhi

Bacillus cereus

Staphylococcus aureus

Aspergillus niger

Fusarium solani

ZnO NRs

50

11.33 ± 0.47

12.66 ± 0.94

13.33 ± 0.47

12.66 ± 0.94

12 ± 0.81

10.33 ± 0.47

100

11.66 ± 0.47

14.66 ± 0.47

13.66 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

12.33 ± 1.24

11.66 ± 0.94

150

14.33 ± 0.47

15.00 ± 0

15.33 ± 0.47

15.33 ± 0.47

12.66 ± 0.47

12 ± 0.81

200

15.66 ± 0.47

16.66 ± 0.47

15.01 ± 0

16.33 ± 0.47

14.33 ± 0.97

13.66 ± 0.47

Co3O4 NPs

50

10.33 ± 0.47

12.33 ± 0.47

13.07 ± 0.81

12.0 ± 0.81

12 ± 0.81

11.33 ± 0.47

100

13 ± 0

14.66 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

12.33 ± 0.47

12.33 ± 0.47

12 ± 0

150

12.66 ± 0.47

15.33 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

13 ± 0.81

12.66 ± 0.47

200

14.66 ± 0.47

15.66 ± 0.47

14 ± 0.81

14.33 ± 0.47

13.66 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

Co 10%

50

11.66 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

14 ± 0.81

14.66 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

11.66 ± 0.47

100

12.66 ± 0.47

14.33 ± 0.47

15 ± 0.81

15.66 ± 0.47

14.33 ± 0.47

12.33 ± 0.47

150

15 ± 0

15.33 ± 0.47

15.33 ± 0.47

15.33 ± 0.47

15 ± 0.81

13.66 ± 0.47

200

16.33 ± 0.47

16.33 ± 0.47

16.33 ± 0.47

17 ± 0.81

15.66 ± 0.94

14.66 ± 0.47

Co 5%

50

11.66 ± 0.94

12.66 ± 0.47

14 ± 0.81

12.66 ± 0.47

11.66 ± 0.47

11.66 ± 0.47

100

12.66 ± 0.47

13.33 ± 0.47

15.66 ± 0.47

14.66 ± 0.47

13 ± 0.81

11.33 ± 0.47

150

14.33 ± 0.47

14.33 ± 0.47

14.66 ± 0.94

15.66 ± 0.47

13 ± 0.81

12.33 ± 0.47

200

15.33 ± 0.47

15.33 ± 0.81

16 ± 0.81

16.66 ± 0.94

14.66 ± 0.47

12.66 ± 0.47

Streptomycin

50

17.66 ± 0.47

17 ± 0.81

17 ± 0.81

18.66 ± 0.47

15.33 ± 0.47

15.66 ± 0.47

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