Figure 3
Three examples with measurement difficulties. In cases of fused vertebrae with a malformation, it is difficult for even surgeons to recognize the vertebrae correctly. The x-ray on the right is one of five cases in which two surgeons could not agree. The seemingly C2 vertebra was a malformed vertebra with multiple fused vertebrae. It is difficult even for surgeons to determine which part of this deformed vertebra is the original C2. Depending on which of the fused vertebrae is determined to be C2, the position of C7 will also change, which can easily lead to a large error. The solid lines represent the ground truth, and the dashed lines represent the measurement obtained by artificial intelligence.
