Table 1 Selected demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as laboratory findings according to skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of patients with COVID-19.
Characteristic | All-patients, n = 200 | Skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte index (NLR) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low, n = 71 Female: < 27.7 Male: < 35.5 | High, n = 129 Female: > 27.7 Male: > 35.5 | P value | Low, n = 72 < 4.2 | High, n = 128 > 4.2 | P value | ||
Age, mean (SD) | 59.1 (14.3) | 66.0 (13.5) | 55.6 (13.3) | < 0.001a | 58.2 (12.1) | 59.7 (15.4) | 0.471a |
Sex, No (%) | |||||||
Female | 84 (42.0) | 28 (39.4) | 56 (43.4) | 0.586b | 26 (36.1) | 58 (45.3) | 0.206b |
Male | 116 (58.0) | 43 (60.6) | 73 (56.9) | 46 (63.9) | 70 (54.7) | ||
BMI, No (%) | |||||||
< 30 | 119 (59.5) | 49 (69.0) | 70 (54.3) | 0.042b | 33 (45.8) | 86 (67.2) | 0.003b |
\(\ge\) 30 | 81 (40.5) | 22 (31.0) | 59 (45.7) | 39 (54.2) | 42 (32.8) | ||
Race, No (%) | |||||||
African American | 15 (7.5) | 3 (4.2) | 12 (9.3) | 0.250c | 10 (13.9) | 5 (3.9) | 0.018b |
White/Caucasian | 139 (69.5) | 48 (67.6) | 91 (70.5) | 43 (59.7) | 96 (75.0) | ||
African + Caucasian | 46 (23.0) | 20 (28.2) | 26 (20.2) | 19 (26.4) | 27 (21.1) | ||
Smoking, No (%) | |||||||
Never | 109 (64.1) | 33 (54.1) | 76 (69.7) | 0.108c | 40 (64.5) | 69 (63.9) | 0.609c |
Former smoker (more than 5 years) | 40 (23.5) | 19 (31.1) | 21 (19.3) | 17 (27.4) | 23 (21.3) | ||
Former smoker (less than 5 years) | 13 (7.7) | 7 (11.5) | 6 (5.5) | 3 (4.9) | 10 (9.3) | ||
Active smoker | 8 (4.7) | 2 (3.3) | 6 (5.5) | 2 (3.2) | 6 (5.5) | ||
Comorbidities, No (%) | |||||||
Hypertension | 115 (57.5) | ‘51 (71.8) | 64 (49.6) | 0.002b | 38 (52.8) | 77 (60.2) | 0.311b |
Dyslipidemia | 33 (16.5) | 11 (15.5) | 22 (17.1) | 0.776b | 13 (18.1) | 20 (15.6) | 0.657b |
Emphysema | 10 (5.0) | 3 (4.2) | 7 (5.4) | 1.000c | 5 (6.9) | 5 (3.9) | 0.500c |
Chronic Kidney Disease | 28 (14.0) | 11 (15.5) | 17 (13.2) | 0.652b | 5 (6.9) | 23 (18.0) | 0.034c |
Congestive heart failure | 14 (7.0) | 5 (7.0) | 9 (7.0) | 1.000c | 3 (4.2) | 11 (8.6) | 0.387 c |
Coronaropathy | 21 (10.5) | 9 (12.7) | 12 (9.3) | 0.456b | 9 (12.5) | 12 (9.4) | 0.489b |
Stroke | 7 (3.5) | 4 (5.6) | 3 (2.3) | 0.248c | 1 (1.4) | 6 (4.7) | 0.425c |
Chronic liver Disease | 7 (3.5) | 2 (2.8) | 5 (3.9) | 1.00c | 5 (6.9) | 2 (1.6) | 0.101c |
Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases | 5 (2.5) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (3.1) | 0.657c | 2 (2.8) | 3 (2.3) | 1.000c |
Cancer | 21 (10.5) | 9 (12.7) | 12 (9.3) | 0.456b | 7 (9.7) | 14 (11.0) | 1.000c |
Diabetes | 66 (33.0) | 30 (42.3) | 36 (27.9) | 0.039b | 23 (31.9) | 43 (33.6) | 0.812b |
1 or more comorbidity | 178 (89.0) | 66 (93.0) | 112 (86.8) | 0.184b | 66 (91.7) | 112 (87.5) | 0.366b |
2 or more comorbidities | 129 (64.5) | 53 (74.7) | 76 (58.9) | 0.026b | 39 (54.2) | 90 (70.3) | 0.022b |
Symptoms on admission, No (%) | |||||||
Fever | 133 (66.5) | 42 (59.2) | 91 (70.5) | 0.103b | 47 (65.3) | 86 (67.19) | 0.366 |
Cough | 118 (59.0) | 40 (56.3) | 78 (60.5) | 0.570b | 42 (58.3) | 76 (59.38) | 0.886 |
Myalgia | 68 (34.0) | 20 (28.2) | 48 (37.2) | 0.197b | 28 (38.9) | 40 (31.25) | 0.274 |
Fatigue | 24 (12.0) | 5 (7.0) | 19 (14.7) | 0.171c | 11 (15.3) | 13 (10.16) | 0.285 |
Diarrhea | 39 (19.5) | 12 (16.9) | 27 (20.9) | 0.491b | 15 (20.8) | 24 (18.75) | 0.721 |
Nausea or vomiting | 38 (19.0) | 9 (12.7) | 29 (22.5) | 0.091b | 13 (18.1) | 25 (19.53) | 0.798 |
Dyspnea | 122 (61.0) | 42 (59.2) | 80 (62.0) | 0.691b | 44 (61.1) | 78 (60.94) | 0.981 |
Anosmia | 28 (14.0) | 3 (4.2) | 25 (19.4) | 0.003c | 13 (18.1) | 15 (11.72) | 0.215 |
Dysgeusia | 22 (11.0) | 4 (5.6) | 18 (14.0) | 0.098c | 12 (16.7) | 10 (7.81) | 0.055 |
Headache | 39 (19.5) | 10 (14.1) | 29 (22.5) | 0.152b | 14 (19.4) | 25 (19.53) | 0.988 |
Asymptomatic | 19 (9.5) | 8 (11.3) | 11 (8.5) | 0.616c | 7 (9.7) | 12 (9.38) | 1.00 |
Laboratory findings, No (%) | |||||||
Hemoglobin (M: < 14 g/dL; F: < 12 g/dL) | 90 (45.0) | 46 (64.8) | 44 (34.1) | < 0.001b | 20 (27.8) | 70 (54.7) | < 0.001b |
ALT (> 35 U/L) | 66 (34.0) | 14 (20.6) | 52 (41.3) | 0.004b | 25 (36.8) | 41 (32.5) | 0.553b |
Sodium (< 135 mEq/L) | 58 (29.6) | 26 (36.6) | 32 (25.6) | 0.104b | 18 (25.4) | 40 (32.0) | 0.327b |
Creatinine (> 1.2 mg/dL) | 64 (32.2) | 33 (47.1) | 31 (24.0) | 0.001b | 13 (18.1) | 51 (40.2) | 0.001b |
Prothrombin time (> 14 s) | 26 (13.5) | 13 (19.1) | 13 (10.4) | 0.090b | 5 (7.4) | 21 (16.8) | 0.079c |
D-dimer (> 500 mg/mL) | 146 (86.4) | 56 (91.8) | 90 (83.3) | 0.123b | 45 (79.0) | 101 (90.2) | 0.044b |
CRP (> 3 mg/L) | 179 (96.2) | 64 (98.5) | 115 (95.0) | 0.243b | 62 (95.4) | 117 (96.7) | 0.655b |
Glycemia (> 100 mg/dL) | 151 (76.7) | 55 (78.6) | 96 (75.6) | 0.636b | 49 (70.0) | 102 (80.3) | 0.101b |
