Figure 2
Localized ozone loss associated with the EMIC-driven IPA during a geomagnetic storm. (a) Global map of the mesospheric ozone (SABER, stars), REP (RMB-Z, triangles \(\ge 90\) counts), and aurora (superposition acquired from 19:44 to 25:46 UT by DMSP18 and 16/SSUSI). (b) Magnified map (aurora taken at 23:45 UT by DMSP16/SSUSI). Black arrows indicate the orbit direction of the ISS and TIMED satellite, with the orbit number and the time information in parentheses giving the measurement time for TIMED/SABER. The black dot indicates the location of Athabasca (ATH), Canada. Maps were generated by MATLAB R2020b, https://www.mathworks.com. (c) Tangent altitude profile of ozone during orbit 73,365 through the IPA. (d) Difference in the mesospheric ozone profiles. “Needle hole” region highlighted. (e) EMIC/Pc1 wave activity on June 22, 2015, at ATH. The black dotted line is the O + gyrofrequency at the magnetic equator estimated from an empirical geomagnetic field model38. Red lines indicate the time each instrument passed the magnetic latitude of the IPA (~ 57°). Numbers in parentheses denote the orbit number of each satellite.
