Table 2 Systematic error, relative and absolute reliability of the parameters of the ChARMin assessments.

From: Test–retest reliability of upper limb robotic exoskeleton assessments in children and youths with brain lesions

Assessment

Parameter [unit]

n datasets

in analysis

Systematic error

Relative reliability

Absolute reliability

WSR test

95%CI

SRD

|SRD%|

Median Diff

(M1-M2)

p-value

ICC

LB

UB

p value

Active range of motion

Shoulder horizontal adduction [°]

23

− 0.23

0.36

0.19

− 0.25

0.56

0.19

2.88

35.07

Shoulder horizontal abduction [°]

23

0.34

0.76

0.49

0.09

0.75

0.01

23.84

27.18

Shoulder extension [°]

27

0.17

0.27

0.70

0.44

0.85

 < 0.001

3.18

6.07

Shoulder flexion [°]

27

0.49

0.07

0.88

0.75

0.94

 < 0.001

17.72

15.07

Shoulder internal rotation [°]

23

− 0.22

0.88

0.54

0.17

0.78

 < 0.01

13.14

46.80

Shoulder external rotation [°]

23

0.43

0.07

0.90

0.79

0.96

 < 0.001

15.73

26.45

Elbow extension [°]

27

8.60

0.12

0.57

0.26

0.78

 < 0.001

35.00

213.49

Elbow flexion [°]

27

− 0.13

0.68

0.82

0.64

0.91

 < 0.001

8.50

7.46

Forearm pronation [°]

25

− 10.12

0.23

0.58

0.26

0.79

 < 0.001

34.23

189.10

Forearm supination [°]

25

37.77

0.06

0.90

0.77

0.95

 < 0.001

33.59

88.96

Wrist flexion [°]

28

− 0.69

0.37

0.66

0.39

0.83

 < 0.001

19.32

33.11

Wrist extension [°]

28

− 11.09

0.39

0.86

0.72

0.93

 < 0.001

25.72

68.82

Passive range of motion

Shoulder horizontal adduction [°]

28

− 0.04

0.94

0.55

0.23

0.76

 < 0.01

4.56

67.50

Shoulder horizontal abduction [°]

28

− 0.64

0.12

0.71

0.47

0.85

 < 0.001

17.15

20.06

Shoulder extension [°]

29

0.06

0.54

0.74

0.52

0.87

 < 0.001

3.10

5.93

Shoulder flexion [°]

29

− 0.12

0.30

0.59

0.28

0.78

 < 0.001

19.39

15.80

Shoulder internal rotation [°]

27

− 0.06

0.95

0.01

− 0.38

0.39

0.48

4.29

14.82

Shoulder external rotation [°]

27

0.04

0.59

0.17

− 0.22

0.51

0.20

7.69

11.70

Elbow extension [°]

29

0.14

0.13

0.71

0.45

0.86

 < 0.001

13.79

136.28

Elbow flexion [°]

29

− 0.11

0.18

0.14

− 0.23

0.48

0.23

9.98

8.68

Forearm pronation [°]

26

10.62

0.10

0.54

0.21

0.76

 < 0.01

40.29

60.71

Forearm supination [°]

26

0.22

0.44

0.43

0.06

0.70

0.01

40.28

53.98

Wrist flexion [°]

29

0.20

0.21

0.54

0.23

0.75

 < 0.01

15.45

27.23

Wrist extension [°]

29

− 10.29

0.03

0.65

0.38

0.82

 < 0.001

23.55

48.27

Strength

Shoulder horizontal abductors [Nm]

28

− 3.74

0.30

0.92

0.84

0.96

 < 0.001

6.67

58.33

Shoulder horizontal adductors [Nm]

26

1.58

0.09

0.87

0.71

0.94

 < 0.001

8.58

62.12

Shoulder extensors [Nm]

27

2.54

0.96

0.68

0.42

0.84

 < 0.001

16.15

178.76

Shoulder flexors [Nm]

27

− 3.12

0.18

0.83

0.67

0.92

 < 0.001

16.15

68.08

Shoulder abductors [Nm]

26

− 4.10

0.66

0.34

− 0.05

0.63

0.04

20.94

239.48

Shoulder adductors [Nm]

27

− 2.26

0.16

0.64

0.35

0.81

 < 0.001

17.44

175.02

Shoulder external rotators [Nm]

27

0.42

0.55

0.90

0.80

0.95

 < 0.001

4.72

56.20

Shoulder internal rotators [Nm]

27

− 0.37

0.09

0.69

0.43

0.84

 < 0.001

7.88

119.49

Elbow extensors [Nm]

27

− 1.52

0.12

0.64

0.36

0.82

 < 0.001

9.48

120.02

Elbow flexors [Nm]

27

− 0.62

0.90

0.89

0.77

0.95

 < 0.001

7.13

63.01

Forearm supinators [Nm]

24

0.15

0.49

0.81

0.61

0.91

 < 0.001

1.18

134.90

Forearm pronators [Nm]

24

− 0.33

0.95

0.61

0.27

0.81

 < 0.001

2.11

194.72

Wrist extensors [Nm]

28

− 0.17

0.73

0.64

0.35

0.82

 < 0.001

2.16

156.37

Wrist flexors [Nm]

28

0.15

0.96

0.60

0.30

0.79

 < 0.001

2.96

144.37

Hand flexors [Nm]

28

0.00

0.40

0.70

0.45

0.85

 < 0.001

1.07

132.98

Resistance to passive

movement

Against horizontal shoulder abduction [Nm/rad]

26

− 0.13

0.69

0.19

− 0.22

0.54

0.18

4.02

298.54

Against horizontal shoulder adduction [Nm/rad]

26

0.16

0.01

0.76

0.51

0.89

 < 0.001

2.87

526.79

Against shoulder flexion [Nm/rad]

26

− 2.04

0.29

0.70

0.43

0.85

 < 0.001

14.79

672.21

Against shoulder extension [Nm/rad]

26

1.12

0.18

0.25

− 0.15

0.58

0.10

10.37

1533.00

Against shoulder external rotation [Nm/ rad]

26

0.26

0.59

− 0.03*

− 0.41

0.36

0.55

3.05

2570.99

Against shoulder internal rotation [Nm/rad]

26

0.00

0.85

0.72

0.47

0.86

 < 0.001

0.87

375.90

Against elbow extension [Nm/rad]

26

0.05

0.14

0.52

0.18

0.75

 < 0.01

3.48

164.34

Against elbow flexion [Nm/rad]

26

− 0.08

0.42

0.17

− 0.23

0.52

0.20

2.24

1165.18

Against forearm supination [Nm/rad]

23

− 0.02

0.47

0.70

0.41

0.86

 < 0.001

1.15

2634.61

Against forearm pronation [Nm/rad]

23

0.07

1.00

0.43

0.01

0.71

0.02

0.77

41,810.05

Against wrist extension [Nm/rad]

26

0.04

0.77

0.22

− 0.19

0.56

0.15

0.81

20,839.08

Against wrist flexion [Nm/rad]

26

− 0.02

0.29

0.44

0.09

0.70

0.01

0.56

1894.62

Quality of movement

Mean distance-to-path-ratio [unitless]

23

0.12

 < 0.01

0.85

0.45

0.95

 < 0.001

0.64

35.58

Mean standard deviation [m]

23

0.00

0.03

0.86

0.64

0.94

 < 0.001

0.01

61.73

Mean number of peaks [n speed peaks/distance]

23

1.05

0.93

0.94

0.86

0.98

 < 0.001

4.01

17.71

Mean absolute number of peaks [n speed peaks]

23

0.96

 < 0.01

0.79

0.32

0.92

 < 0.001

2.15

33.15

Mean time [ms]

23

1473.01

 < 0.001

0.87

0.40

0.96

 < 0.001

2742.99

51.21

Mean reaction time [ms]

23

259.43

0.10

0.69

0.20

0.88

 < 0.001

1032.25

81.26

Circle following

Mean summed difference [m·s]

14

0.01

0.70

0.42

− 0.92

0.82

0.18

1.81

218.06

Mean percentage in front [%]

14

− 0.23

0.55

0.63

− 0.12

0.88

0.04

39.88

75.54

Mean ellipse ratio [unitless]

14

− 0.01

0.59

0.73

0.18

0.91

0.01

0.29

37.27

Workspace

Maximum distance lateral [m]

29

− 0.01

0.61

0.84

0.69

0.92

 < 0.001

0.11

29.22

Maximum distance down [m]

29

0.00

0.27

0.71

0.46

0.85

 < 0.001

0.10

34.82

Maximum distance medial [m]

29

0.00

0.30

0.74

0.53

0.87

 < 0.001

0.07

32.86

Maximum distance up [m]

29

− 0.04

0.27

0.92

0.84

0.96

 < 0.001

0.12

45.37

Maximum distance to chest [m]

29

0.00

0.35

0.29

− 0.07

0.59

0.06

0.13

58.58

Maximum distance to front [m]

29

0.00

0.75

0.95

0.89

0.97

 < 0.001

0.04

8.58

Volume [m3]

29

− 0.01

0.09

0.91

0.82

0.96

 < 0.001

0.06

61.50

  1. Results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (WSR test) investigating the systematic error. Displayed are all the 67 parameters of the assessments. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients of Quality of Movement and Circle assessment are based on average measures. Intraclass correlation coefficients of active and passive Range Of Motion, Strength, Resistance to Passive Movement and Workspace are based on single measures.
  2. Abbreviations: Diff. = difference; M1 = median of the first measurement; M2 = median of the second measurement; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; 95%CI = 95% confidence interval; LB = lower bound; UB = upper bound; SRD = smallest real difference; SRD% = smallest real difference/grand mean × 100.
  3. *A negative ICC is referred to as a bad or unfortunate estimate, possibly occurring by chance, especially with a small sample size 39.
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