Table 2 Comparative analysis of genes related to vertebrate host and vector invasion.

Gene name	References	Function	Vector stage	Host stage	Sequence variation
p25	⁷³	Laminin interaction	Yes	Yes	No
P28	⁷⁴	Laminin interaction	Yes	Yes	No
soap	⁷⁵	Secreted ookinete adhesive protein	Yes	No	Yes
ctrp	⁷⁶	Ookinete invasion CTRP (circumsporozoite & TRAP-related protein)	Yes	No	Yes
csp	^77,78	Sporozoite coat protein circumsporozoite protein	Yes	No	Yes
sr	⁷⁹	Scavenger receptor-like protein	Yes	No	No
imc1	⁸⁰	Inner membrane complex, involved in invasion into salivary glands	Yes	No	No
ecp1/ser8	⁸¹	Egress cysteine protease 1/ serine repeat antigen, involved in sporozoite egress	Yes	No	Yes
sera4	⁸²	Serine repeat antigen, upregulated prior to merozoite formation	No	Yes	Yes
sera5	⁸²	Serine repeat antigen, upregulated prior to merozoite formation	No	Yes	Yes
maebl	^83,84,85	Sporozoite adhesion	Yes	Maybe	Yes
trap	^86,87,88,89	Thrombospondin-related anonymous protein, mediates invasion to salivary gland and hepatocytes	Yes	Yes	Yes
sgs1	⁹⁰	Salivary gland surface protein	Yes	No	Yes
uis10	⁹¹	Encodes a secreted phospholipase	No	Yes	No
uis3	⁹²	Liver stage development and maturation	No	Yes	No
uis4	⁹³	Liver stage development and maturation	No	Yes	No
p36p	^94,95	Hepatocyte invasion and liver stage maturation	No	Yes
spect	⁹⁶	Sporozoite transmigration	No	Yes
spect2/plp1	⁹⁷	Sporozoite transmigration	No	Yes
msp1	⁹⁸	Merozoite surface protein 1	No	Yes	No

A list of 20 genes related to vertebrate host and vector invasion were obtained through literature searches. For each gene, its gene name, literature reference, function, and whether the gene product functions during the vector and/or host stage of the parasite’s life cycle are described. The final column lists whether the protein sequences from P. malariae and P. brasilianum accessions vary between the two species or not, or if there were not sufficient accessions to evaluate using multiple sequence alignment (blank).

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