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Figure 1

From: Field evolved insecticide resistance in the cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis and its direct and indirect impacts on the endoparasitoid Aenasius arizonensis

Figure 1

Effect of insecticides on the parasitism (%) emergence rate in field populations of mealybug parasitoid, A.arizonensis. Mean ± SE parasitism rate (a) and progeny emergence rate (b) of Aenasius arizonensis females exposed by contact residue of LC50 of imidacloprid, profenofos and thiodicarb. Significant effect of the factors insecticides, populations and their interactions on both the parasitism rate and the emergence rate. All the tested insecticides negatively affected the parasitism and the emergence. Columns bearing the same letter (upper case letters: within the same population; lower case letters: within the same tested insecticide) are not significantly different (LSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons at P ≥ 0.05).

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