Table 5 Soil bulk density (g cm⁻³) across land-uses by depth category and study region.

Open pasturelands

0–10 cm

1.2 (± 0.07)^a

0.9 (± 0.10)^ab

1.3 (± 0.06)^a

10–20 cm

1.3 (± 0.08)^p

0.9 (± 0.14)^pq

1.4 (± 0.04)^q

20–30 cm

1.3 (± 0.08)^y

1.0 (± 0.11)^x

1.4 (± 0.04)^x

0–30 cm

1.3 (± 0.05)^B

1.0 (± 0.07)^AB

1.4 (± 0.03)^B

Fodder banks

0–10 cm

1.1 (± 0.08)^a

nd

1.3 (± 0.05)^a

10–20 cm

1.1 (± 0.04)^p

nd

1.3 (± 0.05)^pq

20–30 cm

1.1 (± 0.09)^xy

nd

1.4 (± 0.04)^x

0–30 cm

1.1 (± 0.04)^A

nd

1.3 (± 0.03)^AB

Live fences

0–10 cm

nd

1.0 (± 0.10)^b

1.3 (± 0.05)^a

10–20 cm

nd

1.1 (± 0.10)^q

1.3 (± 0.07)^pq

20–30 cm

nd

0.9 (c 0.12)^x

1.3 (± 0.06)^x

0–30 cm

nd

1.0 (± 0.06)^B

1.3 (± 0.03)^AB

Dispersed trees on pasturelands

0–10 cm

1.1 (± 0.10)^a

0.9 (± 0.09)^a

1.3 (± 0.06)^a

10–20 cm

1.2 (± 0.10)^p

0.8 (± 0.09)^p

1.3(± 0.05)^pq

20–30 cm

1.2 (± 0.06)^xy

0.9 (± 0.07)^x

1.3(± 0.06)^x

0–30 cm

1.1 (± 0.05)^A

0.9 (± 0.05)^A

1.3 (± 0.03)^AB

Secondary forests

0–10 cm

1.1 (± 0.07)^a

0.7 (± 0.12)^a

1.2 (± 0.05)^a

10–20 cm

1.2 (± 0.08)^p

0.8 (± 0.12)^p

1.2 (± 0.09)^p

20–30 cm

1.1 (± 0.12)^x

0.8 (± 0.09)^x

1.3 (± 0.07)^x

0–30 cm

1.1 (± 0.05)^A

0.8 (± 0.06)^A

1.2 (± 0.04)^A

Primary forests

0–10 cm

nd

0.8 (± 0.14)^a

1.2 (± 0.05)^a

10–20 cm

nd

0.8 (± 0.10)^p

1.3 (± 0.07)^pq

20–30 cm

nd

0.8 (± 0.13)^x

1.3 (± 0.05)^x

0–30 cm

nd

0.8 (± 0.07)^A

1.3 (± 0.06)^AB