Table 1 Physical characteristics and physical activities of the participants (mean ± SD).

	Low PhA group	High PhA group	ANOVA	ANCOVA
	(n = 57)	(n = 58)	p-value	p-value
Age (y)	57.7 ± 7.9	53.1 ± 7.5	0.002	–
PhA (deg)	5.3 ± 0.6	6.1 ± 0.7	< 0.001	< 0.001
Height (cm)	161.2 ± 8.5	161.2 ± 7.5	0.988	0.438
Weight (kg)	57.0 ± 9.8	60.4 ± 9.7	0.067	0.024
BMI (kg m⁻²)	21.8 ± 2.4	23.1 ± 2.9	0.007	0.002
Waist circumference (cm)	79.1 ± 7.8	80.8 ± 8.8	0.276	0.060
Percent body fat (%)	23.7 ± 6.0	22.8 ± 6.4	0.468	0.538
FFM (kg)	43.6 ± 9.0	46.6 ± 8.9	0.075	0.007
BCM (kg)	25.0 ± 5.0	27.5 ± 5.2	0.009	< 0.001
SMI (kg m⁻²)	6.13 ± 1.69	6.52 ± 1.65	0.212	0.031
Calf circumference (cm)	34.5 ± 2.4	35.6 ± 2.4	0.013	0.016
Hand grip strength (kg)	28.9 ± 8.3	30.8 ± 6.3	0.169	0.032
Leg muscle power (W kg⁻¹)	17.1 ± 5.0	19.3 ± 4.9	0.018	0.035
Triacylglycerol (mg dL⁻¹)	79.7 ± 33.8	85.8 ± 43.4	0.400	0.146
HDL (mg dL⁻¹)	69.1 ± 15.3	67.8 ± 23.0	0.723	0.719
Fasting glucose (mg dL⁻¹)	88.0 ± 20.0	86.3 ± 7.8	0.539	0.922
HbA1c (%)	5.5 ± 0.5	5.4 ± 0.3	0.307	0.935
HOMA-IR	0.78 ± 0.58	0.88 ± 0.46	0.329	0.219
SBP (mmHg)	117.2 ± 15.6	118.6 ± 12.1	0.591	0.197
DBP (mmHg)	72.4 ± 10.8	72.1 ± 8.7	0.881	0.792
Sleeping time (min)	387 ± 66	381 ± 76	0.651	0.367
SB (min)	656 ± 114	646 ± 117	0.636	0.606
LPA (min)	336 ± 103	339 ± 95	0.865	0.474
MVPA (min)	61.3 ± 25.3	74.4 ± 33.2	0.020	0.045
Step counts (day⁻¹)	9386 ± 2975	10,806 ± 3238	0.016	0.037

Age and sex were the controlling variables of ANCOVA.
PhA, phase angle; BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SB, sedentary behavior (< 1.5 METs); LPA, light intensity physical activity (1.5–2.9 METs); MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (≥ 3.0 METs).
Significant values are given in bold.

Search