Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Secretion of IL-6 by fibroblasts exposed to Australian honeys involves lipopolysaccharide and is independent of floral source

Figure 1

Endotoxin was detected in grey ironbark honey (183017, Table 1) using ToxinSensor™ endotoxin detection system (a). The endotoxin was removed by ultrafiltration using a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) spin filter. The honey activated a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) – nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages (b). Cells expressing secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) formed a coloured product that was detected using colourimetry at 640 nm, after activation of TLR4. Activity was neutralised by incubation of the honey with 50 µg/mL polymyxin B for 1 h. No response to honey was detected in TLR4 knockout cells. Data are mean ± SEM; *** p < 0.001; (a) n = 3; (b) n = 3. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA.

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